Кэнский Сергей Л. : другие произведения.

Grammar drills. Часть вторая

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Школа кожевенного мастерства: сумки, ремни своими руками
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   Не моё, но всё равно берите. Представлено в компактном, удобном для печати виде. Как работать с дриллами должно быть понятно. Вместо многоточий подставляйте нужные слова и входите в роль.
   Часть вторая.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   Первую часть ищите ЗДЕСЬ
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   101 like / liked + gerund<> <>PEG 295
   (a) A (in tones of sympathy): You have to make beds, I suppose.<> B (cheerfully): Yes, but I like making beds!<>Twenty years later, Susan's children have left home, her husband has retired and they can afford some help in house and garden. Her friend reminds her of her former busy life.
   A: You had to make beds, I suppose.<> B: Yes, but I liked making beds!
   This exercise could also be done with (c) don't/didn't mind or (d) enjoy/enjoyed.<>
   You have to ... I suppose.
   do housework,<>live economically,<>shop around,<>look after the children,<>mend their clothes,<>take them to school,<>help them with their homework,<>read to them,<>answer their questions,<>attend their school concerts,<>watch them play football,<>go swimming with them,<>give children's parties,<>meet your husband at the station, (Use my.)<>listen to your husband's office stories, (Use my.)<>entertain your husband's colleagues, (Use my.)<>iron shirts,<>knit pullovers,<>weed the garden,<>cut the grass,<>
   You had to ... I suppose.
   do housework,<>live economically,<>etc.
  
   102 like / liked + gerund<> wouldn't like / wouldn't care / would hate + infinitive<> <>PEG 295
   Students' summer jobs.
   This exercise should be done by students working in pairs. The prompt only is given and students must form both the question (A) and the answer (B). If it is not convenient to work in pairs, the teacher should take the part of the first student (A).
   Prompt: drive lorries
   (a) A: You like driving lorries, don't you?<> B: Yes, but I wouldn't like/wouldn't care/would hate to drive lorries for a living.
   A: You liked driving lorries, didn't you?<> B: Yes, but I wouldn't like/wouldn't care/would hate to drive lorries for a living.
   enjoy/enjoyed could be used as well as like/liked.
   Prompts:<>
   sweep streets<>mend roads<>teach swimming<>conduct tours<>act as a guide<>guard factories<>sell ice cream<>serve in a shop<>dig drains<>wash windows<>
   pick fruit<>build houses<>put up tents<>paint railings<>collect rubbish<>work in a factory<>deliver mail<>repair radios<>make cakes<>polish cars<>
  
   103 like/dislike/hate/don't mind/don't care for/enjoy + gerund<> <>PEG 295
   The life of au pair.
   A: I have to cook and wash up.<>(a) B: So have I. I like cooking but (I) hate washing up.<>(b) B: So have I. I enjoy cooking but (I) don't care for washing up.<>B: So have I. I don't mind cooking but (I) dislike washing up.
   This drill can also be done in the past tense:
   A: I had to cook and wash up.<>B: So had I. I liked cooking but (I) hated washing up.
   I have to ...
   hoover carpets and dust furniture.<>make beds and clean rooms.<>answer the door and answer the phone.<>do the flowers and polish the silver.<>buy fruit at the market and carry it home.<>take the children to school and hurry home afterwards.<>collect the children from school and supervise their homework.<>talk to the children and teach them French.<>go to the beach with the children and play in the sand.<>put the children to bed and tidy up after them.<>look after the baby and share a room with him.<>give the baby his bath and wash his clothes.<>drive the car and exercise the pony.<>walk the dogs and brush them.<>attend classes and do homework.
   104 prefer ... to/like ... better than + gerund<> <>PEG 297
   A: My brother plays tennis but hardly ever watches it.<>(a) B: My brother prefers playing (tennis) to watching (it) too. (slight stress on my)<>B: My brother likes playing (tennis) better than watching (it) too. (slight stress on my)
   My brother ...
   sings in a choir but hardly ever sings solo.<>talks; he hardly ever listens.<>drinks (at parties) but hardly ever dances.<>spends money but hardly ever saves it.<>phones; he hardly ever writes.<>listens to the radio; he hardly ever watches TV.<>mows the lawn but hardly ever weeds the garden.<>paint pictures; he hardly ever takes photographs.<>takes taxis; he hardly ever waits for a bus. (Use buses.)<>drives; he hardly ever lets me drive.<>cycles; he hardly ever walks.<>eats out; he hardly ever cooks for himself.<>stays at home (for his holidays); he hardly ever goes abroad.<>rushes about (during his holidays); h hardly ever relaxes.<>takes people to restaurants; he hardly ever invites them to his house.
   105 what about? + gerund, would rather + infinitive without to<> would prefer + infinitive <> <>PEG 289B, 297
   In this drill the prompt only is given and students must form both the question (A) and the answer (B). Students could work in pairs, one being A the other B.
   Prompt: walk on ... wait for a bus
   A: What about walking on? Or would you rather wait for a bus?<>B: I'd rather walk on (than wait for a bus). (Words in brackets may be omitted.)<>B: I'd prefer to walk on.
   This drill could also be done with I'm against/for or I'm in favour of + gerunds:
   B: I'm against waiting for a bus.<>B: I'm for waiting for a bus.<>B: I'm in favour of waiting for a bus.
   (The speaker in (d) and (e) does not agree with the speaker in (a), (b) and (c).)
   Prompts:
   write ... phone<>cook it ... eat it raw<>camp ... stay in a hotel<>deliver it by hand ... post it<>drive ... fly<>mend the old one ... buy a new one<>go as we are ... change into evening dress<>get a job ... ask our parents to send us money<>finish it tonight ... leave it till tomorrow<>try to fix it ourselves ... send for an electrician<>wash the sheets at home ... take them to the launderette<>do our own typing ... employ a secretary<>tune the piano ourselves ... get a piano tuner<>borrow a TV set ... hire one<>buy a cat ... put down rat poison<>ring the dentist today ... put it off till tomorrow<>start now ... wait for Bill<>hitch-hike ... cycle<>stay at home next weekend ... go away<>keep some ... eat all now
   106 would prefer + object + infinitive<> would rather + subject + past tense <> <>PEG 297
   (i)<> A: Shall I phone Tom tomorrow?<>B: I'd prefer you to phone him today.<>or<>B: I'd rather you phoned him today.
   (ii)<> A: Shall I show Tom the photographs tomorrow?<>B: I'd prefer you to show them to him today. (Note word order.)<>or<>B: I'd rather you showed them to him today. (Note word order.)
   Shall I ... tomorrow?
   phone Bill<>bring my friends<>speak to James<>sweep the stairs<>begin<>pay the milk bill<>come<>leave<>go to the library (Omit to the library.)<>read the instructions<>lend Peter the map (See (ii) above.)<>take the books back<>give Ann your message (See (ii) above.)<>burn the rubbish<>send Peter the cheque (See (ii) above.)<>get the new programme<>write to the Smiths<>see to the electric iron<>buy your season ticket<>make the arrangements
   107 would like/want + object + infinitive<> <>PEG 296
   A: Would you like to make a speech?<> B: No, I'd like you to make a speech. (stress on you)
   A: Do you want to make a speech?<> B: No, I want you to make a speech. (stress on you)<>
   (a) Would you like to ...
   (b) Do you want to ...
   <>lead the deputation?<>pick the team?<>receive the mayor?<>speak first?<>introduce the speakers?<>sign the cheque?<>witness Tom's signature?<>engage the extra staff?<>appoint a press officer?<>attend the conference?<>give a talk?<>meet the president?<>make the arrangements?<>answer any queries?<>choose the colours?<>supervise the painters?<>make the arrangements?<>fix a date?<>organize the reception?<>open the champagne?<>
  
  
   108 would like + perfect infinitive, wanted + present infinitive<> <>PEG 296
   A: Did you see the castle?<>(a) B: No, I would like to have seen it but there wasn't time.<>B: No, I wanted to see it but there wasn't time.
   *Note: would have liked to see it and would have liked to have seen it <>are also possible forms.
   Did you ...
   ring Peter?<>talk to the students?<>attend the conference?<>try the beer?<>watch the match?<>visit the museum?<>see the zoo?<>walk round the town?<>meet your friends?<>look at the old bridge?<>climb to the top of the monument?<>have coffee? (Answer with some.)<>paint any pictures? (some)<>make a sketch? (Answer with one.)<>take any photographs? (some)<>hire a boat? (one)<>stroll round the market?<>send any postcards? (some)<>buy any souvenirs? (some)<>listen to the town band?
   109 doesn't/didn't want + object + infinitive<> <>PEG 296C
   Ann is a young married woman with a lot of time on her hands. Two of her friends think that she would be happier if she had an occupation or hobby. Unfortunately her husband doesn't seem to share their views.
   A: Have you suggested going to evening classes?<> B: Yes, but apparently her husband doesn't want her to go to evening <> classes. (stress on want) <>or<> A: Did you suggest going to evening classes?<> B: Yes, but apparently her husband doesn't want her to go to evening<> classes. (It is still a present problem.)
   A: Did you suggest going to evening classes?<> B: Yes, but apparently her husband didn't want her to go to evening <> classes. (It is now a past problem.)
   Have you suggested ...
   painting?<>riding?<>working in the garden?<>taking a driving test?<>making friends with her neighbours?<>inviting her mother to stay?<>getting a part-time job?<>hiring a typewriter?<>joining a drama club?<>acting in a play?<>singing in the choir?<>buying a dog?<>helping at the old people's club?<>studying Russian?<>learning judo?<>attending keep-fit classes?<>going to art lectures?<>taking a course in vegetarian cooking?<>redecorating the house?<>training as a tourist guide?
   110 wish + infinitive<> <>PEG 299
   Ann is a newcomer; Bill is an old hand.
   A: How does one set about complaining about something?<>B: Oh, just go to the office and say you wish to complain about something.
   (want or would like could also be used, of course, wish is the most formal of the three.)
   How does one set about ...
   enrolling for a course?<>making a complaint?<>reporting an accident?<>seeing the welfare officer?<>taking a test?<>applying for study leave?<>entering for an exam?<>joining the union?<>starting a club?<>arranging a football match?<>organizing a trip?<>hiring a coach?<>having a poster printed?<>insuring one's life? (Use your.)<>paying one's fees? (Use your.)<>moving to another branch?<>voting in the election?<>claiming compensation?<>changing one's department? (Use your.)<>resigning?
   111 wish + subject + would, or wish + subject + past tense<> <>PEG 300
   Peter is a student who lives in a flat quite near his parents' house. His parents quite often visit his flat, but are not very impressed by the way he keeps it.
   A: Peter is very bad about making his bed.<>B: Yes, I wish he'd make it more regularly. <> (= I wish he were willing to make it more regularly.)<>B: Yes, I wish he made it more regularly.<> (= I'm sorry he doesn't make it more regularly.)
   Peter is very bad about ...
   paying the milkman.<>cleaning his bath.<>tidying up.<>defrosting his fridge.<>changing his sheets.<>sweeping his room.<>washing his shirts.<>cutting his hair.<>shaving.<>doing the washing up.<>putting his milk bottles out.<>cooking for himself.<>opening his windows.<>emptying his ashtrays.<>attending classes.<>writing essays.<>answering letters.<>having his clothes cleaned.<>taking his library books back.<>watering his geraniums.
   112 wish + subject + past perfect tense<> <>PEG 300
   After the accident.
   A: Why didn't you help him?<>B: I don't know. I wish I had helped him.
   A: Why did you refuse to help him?<>B: I don't know. I wish I hadn't refused to help him.
   Why ...
   did you go into the pub?<>did you allow him to drink so much?<>didn't you make him eat something?<>did you agree to drive home with him?<>didn't you tell him he was too drunk to drive?<>didn't you leave the car in the car park?<>didn't you lock the car?<>didn't you hide the key?<>did you say you were in a hurry?<>didn't you wait till he was sober?<>didn't you ring me?<>didn't you offer to drive yourself?<>didn't you insist on driving?<>did you get in with him?<>didn't you refuse to go with him?<>didn't you wait for a bus?<>didn't you warn him about the ice?<>did you let him go so fast?<>didn't you remind him about the level crossing?<>didn't you fasten your seat belt?
   113 admit/deny/be suspected of/be accused of/be charged with + gerund<> <>PEG 261
   A: Did he say he had stolen the documents?<>B: Yes, he admitted stealing them.<>B: No, he denied stealing them.<>B: No, he is suspected of stealing them.<>B: No he has been accused of/ charged with stealing them.
   Did he say he had ...forged the signature?<>planned the hold-up?<>taken part in the robbery?<>hijacked the plane?<>kidnapped the heiress?<>fired at the policeman?<>attacked the cashier?<>shot the chauffeur?<>threatened the Prime Minister?<>sent the letter bombs?<>received the stolen goods?<>sold the secret information?<>given false evidence? (Keep false evidence.)<>intimidated the witnesses?<>bribed the officials?<>started the fires?<>derailed the train?<>led the raid?<>drugged the guards?<>helped the prisoners to escape? (Keep to escape.)
   114 avoid + gerund<> <>PEG 261
   An old man is talking to his doctor.
   A: I travelled overnight and felt awful afterwards.<>B: Then try to avoid travelling overnight.
   I ... and felt awful afterwards.
   got very angry<>overate<>drank too much<>went to bed too late<>rushed about<>stood for a long time<>made a long speech (Use speeches.)<>read in bad light<>carried a heavy suitcase (Use suitcases.)<>played cards all night<>took sleeping pills<>travelled by jet<>worked all weekend<>quarrelled with my neighbours<>slept in a haunted room (Use rooms.)
   115 enjoy + gerund<> <>PEG 261
   A: I had a lovely time yesterday; I wrote letters all day.<>B: Do you actually enjoy writing letters? (stress on enjoy).
   I had a lovely time yesterday. I ... all day.
   peeled potatoes<>washed windows<>mended socks<>cleaned shoes<>sewed on buttons<>ironed shirts<>patched sheets<>polished the silver (Omit the.)<>played with the children (Omit the.)<>practised the piano<>worked in the garden<>cooked<>baked<>watched cricket<>looked after children<>baby-sat<>dyed curtains<>rearranged the furniture (Omit the.)<>chopped wood<>house-hunted
   116 fancy/imagine + gerund<> <>PEG 261
   A: She doesn't go to bed at all!<>B: Fancy not going o bed at all!<>or<>B: Imagine not going o bed at all!
   A: She abandoned her baby!<>B: Fancy abandoning one's/your baby!<>or<>B: Imagine abandoning one's/your baby!
   My sister doesn't enjoy her days off.<>Tom doesn't know his own age.<>Bill refused a rise in salary.<>She was an au pair girl for ten years.<>She never has a night out.<>She baby-sits very night.<>They paid $50 for a single meal.<>They watch television for thirty hours a week.<>The mother doesn't know where her baby is.<>She got married at fourteen.<>She waited twenty years for him. (Omit for him.)<>He works a 70-hour week.<>He lost all his savings.<>They keep a snake as a pet.<>He spends his holidays looking for fossils.<>He was dismissed for working too hard.<>He won $50,000.<>He spent a month underground.<>They queued all night.<>He didn't want to leave prison.
   117 have + object + -ing (present participle)<> <>PEG 121A
   The confident instructor.
   A: How long will it take me to learn to read music?<>B: I'll have you reading music by the end of the month.
   How long will it take me to learn to ...
   skate?<>ski?<>ride?<>dance?<>swim?<>dive?<>drive?<>type?<>write shorthand?<>cook?<>paint?<>speak in public?<>play the flute?<>talk English?<>walk again?<>surf-ride?<>canoe?<>sail?<>glide?<>relax?
   118 couldn't help + gerund<> <>PEG 261
   A (accusingly): You got lost!<>B: I couldn't help getting lost!
   1-10 John wanted Bill to remain absolutely still. Bill, however, couldn't manage this.
   You ...
   coughed!<>sneezed!<>laughed!<>shivered!<>smiled!<>blinked!<>moved!<>sighed!<>yawned!<>fell asleep!
   11-20 Ann is just generally disapproving of Bill's actions. (Keep nouns unchanged.)
   You ...
   came in late.<>made a noise.<>disturbed us all.<>woke the people in the next flat.<>caught a cold.<>got into debt.<>heard their conversation.<>saw what was in the letter.<>trod on my toe.<>kissed her.
   119 keep + gerund<> <>PEG 261
   The new secretary isn't a great success. A colleague tries to defend <>her but the boss is clearly very dissatisfied.
   A: It isn't very terrible to break a cup now and then.<>B: But she keeps breaking cups. (stress on keeps)
   It isn't very terrible to ... now and then.
   come late<>go home early<>take time off<>make mistakes<>mix up appointments<>lose documents<>argue<>answer back<>interrupt<>leave the safe open<>forget to switch the lights off<>yawn<>look out of the window<>wave to people in the street<>ring up one's friends (Use her.)<>ask for days off<>retire to the cloakroom<>have headaches<>switch on one's radio (Use her.)<>spell your name wrong (Use my.)
   120 mean + gerund<> <>PEG 261
   Alan is planning an uncomfortable expedition. Bill isn't enthusiastic.
   (a) A: We'll have to walk twenty miles a day.<> B: Well, I won't come if it means walking twenty miles a day.
   Other possible answers are: <>But I object to/don't like/dislike/hate/detest walking twenty miles a day.
   This drill could also be used for be/get used to + gerund exercises, as in Drill 35.
   A: We'll have to walk twenty miles a day.<> B: But I'm not used to walking miles a day.
   Here Bill speaks first:
   A: You want me to walk twenty miles a day?<> B: Yes. You'll soon get used to walking twenty miles a day.
   Bill has joined the expedition and isn't finding it too disagreeable. <>A friend sympathizes, but Bill doesn't want sympathy.
   A: You have to walk twenty miles a day? How awful!<>B: Oh, I'm getting used to walking twenty miles a day.<>B: Oh, you soon get used to walking twenty miles a day.<>B: Oh, I've got used to walking twenty miles a day.<>B: Oh, I soon got used to walking twenty miles a day.
   Note that (c) - (g) require slight changes in the original sentences spoken by A.
   We'll have to ...<>
   get up at five.<>set off at dawn.<>tell no one where we're going.<>hitch-hike.<>row across the Channel.<>cycle for hundreds of miles.<>carry heavy rucksacks.<>swim across lakes.<>wade through swamps.<>canoe down rivers.<>
   climb mountains.<>camp in the snow.<>cross frontiers secretly.<>travel with forged documents.<>use false names.<>make parachute landings.<>sleep under bridges.<>march in demonstrations.<>stow away in a cargo ship.<>live on dried beans.<>
  
   121 would you mind + gerund<> <>PEG 263
   A: Someone will have to get maps.<> B: Yes. Would you mind getting them? (slight stress on you)
   A: Someone will have to put the milk bottles out.<> B: Yes. Would you mind putting them out? (Notice word order.) <> (slight stress on you)
   Someone will have to ...
   make sandwiches<>fill the thermoses<>keep an eye on the children<>buy maps<>work out our route. (See (b) above.)<>pick up the traveller's cheques. (See (b) above.)<>book the rooms<>look after the passports<>put on the roof rack. (See (b) above.)<>arrange the insurance.<>Tell the neighbours we've going away<>stop the milk<>defrost the fridge<>pack for the children<>lock the cases<>bring the luggage down to the hall<>ask Mrs Jones to forward out letters<>amuse the children during the journey<>map-read<>tidy up
   122 mind/object to + him/his + gerund<> won't have + him + -ing (present participle)<> <>PEG 121B, 262, 263
   Tom, who has a very relaxed attitude to work, has just joined the staff. A senior employee, shocked by his behaviour, points out his 'crimes' to the manager. But the manager, who is about to retire, doesn't mind much.
   A (in shocked tones): He kisses your secretary!<>(a) B: Oh, I don't mind him kissing my secretary!
   But when this manager resigns and a new man is appointed, things are going to be different.
   A: He kisses you secretary!<>B: I object to him kissing my secretary!<>B: I won't have him hissing my secretary!
   He ...
   borrows from the petty cash!<>Spends two hours having lunch!<>writes his own letters during office hours!<>gets your secretary to type his private letters!<>arrive late!<>goes home early!<>takes a day off when h feels like it!<>wears jeans!<>chews gum!<>puts his feet on the desk!<>sleeps at his desk!<>phones his friends from the office!<>argues with clients!<>goes barefoot in hot weather!<>parks his motor cycle in the hall!<>drops ash on the carpet!<>leaves burning cigarettes about!<>smokes your cigars!<>uses the company car at weekends!<>chases your secretary round the office! (Use my.)
   123 prevent + object + (from) + gerund<> <>PEG 261
   Next to Tom's house is a nice open, grassy place, where people come for picnics. This annoys Tom, but friend explains that he can't do anything to stop it.
   1-10<>A (angrily): They park here!<>B (soothingly): It's very difficult to prevent people parking here. (slight stress on prevent)
   11-20<>A: Their children trample on my flowers!<>B: It's very difficult to prevent children trampling on flowers. (Omit their and my.)
   1-10 They ...
   have picnics here<>light fires<>leave litter<>bang their car doors<>make a horrible noise<>lie about almost naked<>use terrible language<>play their radios loudly<>fry sausages<>bring hordes of children
   11-20
   shout and scream<>carve their names on the trees! (Omit the.)<>write things on my walls! (Omit my.)<>kick their footballs over my walls! (Omit my.)<>climb over my walls! (Omit my.)<>pick my flowers! (Omit my.)<>steal my fruit! (Omit my.)<>swing on my gates! (Omit my.)<>look through my windows! (Omit my.)<>dash round on bicycles!
   124 remember + gerund, see/hear + object + -ing<> <>PEG 268, 273
   Peter annoyed his host, but doesn't remember much about the party.
   A: He says you spoilt his party.<> B: I don't remember spoiling his party. (slight stress on 'I')<> <>Another guest witnessed Peter's terrible behaviour. Here Peter speaks first.
   A: I didn't arrive drunk!<> B: Oh, yes, you did. I saw you arriving drunk!
   A: I didn't swear at him!<>B: Oh yes, you did. I heard you swearing at him!
   Use heard or saw, whichever seems logical.
   See also Drills 50-3.<>
   (a) He says you ...
   (b) I didn't ...
   <>arrived drunk.<>brought two drunk friends.<>refused to leave.<>shouted at him.<>swore at him.<>called him names.<>broke a decanter.<>drank half a bottle of gin.<>started a fight.<>danced on the table.<>upset a bookcase.<>sang terrible songs.<>made an awful lot of noise.<>woke the people in the next flat.<>insulted the Lord Mayor.<>annoyed all the other guests.<>burnt holes in his carpet.<>spilt wine on his dinner jacket.<>invited everyone to your country house. (Use my.)<>fell down the front steps.<>
   <>arrive drunk<>bring etc., as in (a)<>refuse ...<>shout ...<>swear ...<>call ...<>break ...<>drink ...<>start ...<>dance ...<>upset ...<>sing ...<>make ...<>wake ...<>insult ...<>annoy ...<>burn ...<>spill ...<>invite ...<>fall ...<>
  
   125 remember + him/his etc. + gerund<> <>PEG 262, 268
   Paul didn't enjoy his holiday. But Ann doesn't seem to remember the various disasters.
   A: Breakfast was late.<>B: I don't remember it/its being late.
   Use pronoun object: it, him, her, you, them, or possessive adjective: <>its, his, her, your, their.
   The receptionist was rude. (Use her.)<>The people opposite sang all night.<>They forgot to bring our early morning tea.<>They refused to clean my car.<>The lift broke down.<>The kitchen staff went on strike.<>I lost my camera. (Use you/your.)<>The other guests got drunk every night.<>The bed creaked.<>The windows rattled.<>Our bedroom was draughty.<>They ran out of ice.<>The radiators whistled.<>The taxi drivers cheated us.<>It rained nearly all the time.<>The hall porter insulted me.<>I suffered from food poisoning.<>The hotel overcharged us.<>They mixed up our reservations.<>I was stung by a jellyfish.
   126 stop + gerund<> <>PEG 270
   A disagreeable flat-mate.
   A: He drinks methylated spirits.<>B: You should tell him to stop drinking methylated spirits.<>B: Why don't you tell him to stop drinking methylated spirits?<>B: Can't you get him to stop drinking methylated spirits?<>B: Can't you stop him drinking methylated spirits?
   He ...
   argues all the time.<>chews tobacco.<>sleepwalks.<>talks to himself.<>follows me about.<>listens to my telephone conversations.<>annoys the neighbours.<>hangs his washing out of the window.<>borrows my things.<>uses bad language.<>parks outside my garage.<>steals my apples.<>burns rubbish in the garden.<>drops banana skins on the steps.<>opens my letters.<>is rude to my friends.<>pulls the cat's tail.<>looks through keyholes.<>smokes marijuana.<>plays the radio all night.
   127 stop + object + gerund<> <>PEG 270
   A: He spoke at street corners. His mother blamed me for it. (stress on me)<>B: But how could you stop him speaking at street corners? (stress on stop or you)
   He ... His mother blamed me for it.
   left home.<>gave up shaving.<>grew his hair.<>threw away his suits.<>went about barefoot.<>wore ragged jeans.<>tore up his passport.<>resigned his job.<>lived on National Assistance.<>squatted in an empty house.<>got married.<>started a family.<>played the guitar in the Underground.<>led protest marches.<>carried banners.<>invited other squatters to loin him.<>barricaded the door.<>changed the locks.<>insulted the owners.<>resisted arrest.
   128 suggest + gerund<> <>PEG 289C, D
   A: Why didn't you go to his flat?<>B: Well, Ann suggested going to his flat but I didn't think it was necessary.<> (slight stress on 'I')
   Why didn't you ...
   record his conversation?<>ask him for proof of his identity?<>look at his passport?<>consult a solicitor?<>discuss it with me? (Use you.)<>wait a few weeks?<>check his figures?<>have the document translated?<>show the letter to a handwriting expert?<>read the small print?<>find out where he had worked before?<>make some enquiries about him?<>ring his previous employers?<>give him a post-dated cheque?<>contact his embassy?<>take his photograph?<>get his fingerprints?<>follow him home?<>tap his phone?<>bug his room?
   129 suggest + gerund<> <>PEG 289C, D
   A: Why didn't you hitch-hike?<>B: Well, I suggested hitch-hiking home but Tom wouldn't hear of it.<> <>See also Drill 93
   Why didn't you ...
   leave at once?<>look for a cheaper hotel?<>demand a refund?<>see the manager?<>complain to the agency?<>hire a caravan?<>borrow a tent?<>sleep on the beach?<>pawn your watches? (Use our.)<>try your luck at the casino? (Use our.)<>get a job in a restaurant?<>offer to work as guides?<>sell your cameras? (Use our.)<>report the matter to the police?<>ask your consult for help? (Use our.)<>ring me? (Use our.)<>tell your parents? (Use our.)<>consult a lawyer?<>refuse to pay?<>make a fuss?
   130 suggest + them/their + gerund<> <>PEG 289D
   Peter's friends have been harassing a business rival. Their victim <>complains to Peter, who disclaims responsibility.
   A: They dyed their hair. Apparently it was your idea.<>B: I never suggested them/their dying their hair! (slight stress on 'I')
   This exercise could also be done with
   I never suggested that they (should) dye their hair!<>I never suggested that they dyed their hair!<> or<>I never told/advised them to dye their hair! They ... Apparently it was your idea.
   wore masks.<>carried guns.<>pretended to be gunmen.<>forged my signature. (Use your.)<>sent me anonymous letters. (Use you.)<>threatened me. (Use you.)<>tried to blackmail me. (Use you.)<>bribed my secretary. (Use your.)<>tapped my phone. (Use your.)<>bugged my office. (Use your.)<>broke into my factory. (Use your.)<>forced open my safe. (Use your.)<>stole the week's takings.<>burnt secret documents.<>tore up my clients' letters.<>erased tapes.<>threw my electric typewriter out of the window. (Use your.)<>wrecked the computer.<>wrote slogans on the walls.<>poured paint over my car. (Use your.)
   131 try + gerund<> <>PEG 270
   A: Do you think it would help if we pressed the red button?<>B: Yes, let's try pressing the red button.
   Do you think it would help if we ...
   oiled the hinges?<>nailed the stair carpet down?<>put the cake back in the oven?<>cut the sandwiches the day before?<>ate less fat?<>took more exercise?<>opened the windows?<>turned down the central heating?<>moved the piano to another room?<>locked the doors at night?<>painted the ceiling dark green?<>paid the bills weekly?<>filled the radiator with hot water?<>blocked up all the rat holes?<>cooked it in oil?<>left the saucepan lid off?<>soaked the beans a bit longer?<>whipped the cream?<>washed it in cold water?<>stood on our heads for a few minutes?
   132 want/need + gerund<> <>PEG 267E
   A: You should tidy the garden.<>B: Yes, it wants/needs tidying.
   You should ...
   paint your windows.<>polish the door knocker.<>sweep the steps.<>cut the grass.<>weed the flower beds.<>water the roses.<>pick the peaches.<>spray your lettuces.<>clip the hedge.<>rebuild your wall.<>tie up the creeper.<>mend the fence.<>rake the path.<>dig the potato patch.<>prune the apple trees.<>cut off the dead branches.<>net the raspberries.<>roll the lawn.<>prop up the old pear tree.<>clean out the birdbath.
   133 be afraid of/risk + gerund<> <>PEG 261, 271A
   Alan and Bill are discussing certain actions by Tom. Alan suggests<>a reason for them and Bill agrees.
   A: I expect he didn't want to get wet.<>B: Yes, I suppose he was afraid of getting wet.<>B: Yes, he probably didn't want to risk getting wet.
   Compare with Drill 71, be afraid to.
   I expect he didn't want to ...
   miss the train.<>overload the car.<>get a parking ticket.<>have his licence endorsed.<>be sent to prison.<>annoy the boss.<>lose his job.<>break his neck.<>make things worse.<>wake everyone up.<>cause an accident.<>press the wrong button.<>touch live wire.<>electrocute himself.<>cause a scandal.<>upset his wife.<>catch a cold.<>spoil his new suit.<>shock the neighbours.<>attract attention.
   134 be interested in + gerund<> <>PEG 259
   George wants Bill to co-operate with him and offers all sorts of inducements. <>But Bill is not ambitious.
   A: You might make a lot of money!<>B: But I'm not interested in making a lot of money.
   You might ...
   become a celebrity<>be invited to marvellous parties<>meet important people<>get an honorary degree<>appear on television<>take part in radio programmes<>influence public opinion<>travel first class all over the world<>go on lecture tours<>see your name in lights<>employ a large staff<>live in luxury<>drive a Rolls Royce<>buy an island in the Pacific<>marry two or three times
   135 be/get used to + gerund<> <>PEG 163
   A new employee is being told about his job.
   A: You'll have to sleep by the phone. All right?<> B: Yes, I', used to sleeping by the phone.
   A similar interview, but with a different employee. Here the employee speaks first.
   A (horrified): You expect me to sleep by the phone?<> B: Yes, but you'll soon get used to sleeping by the phone.
   This man takes the job and doesn't find it as bad as he expected. A friend<>sympathizes unnecessarily:
   A: You have to sleep by the phone!<> B: Oh, I'm getting used to sleeping by the phone.<>B: Oh, I've got used to sleeping by the phone.<>B: Oh, I soon got used to sleeping by the phone.<>B: Oh, you soon get used to sleeping by the phone.
   Other possible answers to (a) are: Yes, I don't mind sleeping/don't object to sleeping etc.,<>or: But I'm not used to sleeping/object to sleeping etc.
   You'll have to ... All right?<>
   clock in and out<>ask for permission to leave the premises<>work irregular hours<>do overtime<>sleep in a hammock<>man the switchboard at weekends<>remember the combinations of the safe<>wear uniform<>call the boss 'Sir"<>stand up when the boss's wife comes in<>
   carry a gun<>patrol the premises at night<>look after guard dogs<>set burglar alarms<>be responsible for security<>suspect everyone<>report anything suspicious<>keep a copy of your reports<>fill in forms in triplicate<>take the blame if anything goes wrong<>
  
   136 feel like + gerund<> <>PEG 97
   One member of the family feels energetic; the other doesn't.
   A: Let's go for a walk.<> B: I don't feel like going for a walk. (slight stress on feel)
   This could also be used as an indirect speech exercise:
   A: Let's go for a walk.<> B (reporting A's suggestion): He suggests/suggested going for a walk.
   Let's ...
   walk to the village.<>take the dogs out.<>climb the mountain.<>run round the block.<>carry the boxes upstairs.<>play tennis.<>swim across the river.<>pick apples.<>look for mushrooms.<>move the piano.<>tidy the cupboard.<>roll the tennis court.<>prune the roses.<>saw up the dead tree.<>sweep the stairs.<>repaper the sitting-room.<>weed the rose-beds.<>paint the greenhouse.<>make a bonfire.<>rebuild the garage.
   137 for + gerund (punish someone for/apologize for/get into trouble for)<> <>PEG 98, 259
   Tom is at a boarding school. His father has just received his half term report and is reading it out to his wife.
   A: Tom broke sixteen windows during his first week!<>B: Well, I hope they punished him for breaking sixteen windows.<>B: Well, I hope he apologized for breaking sixteen windows.<>B: Poor Tom. I expect he got into trouble for breaking sixteen windows.
   (Other constructions: A very indulgent mother might say, Oh, well, I expect they are used to boys breaking windows. Or she might just express surprise (and even admiration) by fancy/imagine + gerund: Fancy breaking sixteen windows!)
   Tom ...
   kicked a football through the greenhouse roof!<>drove the headmaster's car into the village pond!<>refused to wear uniform!<>was rude to the school governors!<>cut down the goal posts!<>ploughed up the cricket pitch!<>put an alligator in the swimming bath!<>burnt down the gymnasium!<>wrecked the assembly hall!<>poured milk into the grand piano!<>sold the school tape recorders!<>cheated at exams!<>carved his name on the school door!<>rode his bicycle along the passages!<>wrote things on the walls!<>climbed in and out by the fire escape!<>woke everyone up when he came in!<>made bombs in the laboratory!<>tried to start a riot!<>brought the whole school out on strike!
   138 have difficulty (in) + gerund <> <>PEG 259
   A: Did you find the house quite easily?<>B: No, I had a lot of difficulty (in) finding the house.
   Did you ... quite easily?
   fit everything into your case (Use my.)<>hire a caravan<>start the car<>read the map<>cross the river<>find a place to park<>persuade them to let you camp (Use me.)<>put up the tent<>light the fire<>keep warm<>understand him<>make yourself understood<>explain what you wanted<>arrange a loan<>raise the money<>cash your cheque<>get a visa<>renew your passport<>obtain a permit<>make ands meet
   139 have difficulty (in) + gerund, find it easy + infinitive <> <>PEG 259
   This is an exercise in both structures and should be done by students<>working in pairs.
   Prompt: open the windows
   A: Do you have difficulty (in) opening the windows?<>B: No, I find it quite easy to open them.<>B: No, I find them quite easy to open. (See note below.)
   Prompt: deal with the correspondence
   A: Do you have any difficulty in dealing with the correspondence?<>B: No, I find it quite easy to deal with it.<>B: No, I find it quite easy to deal with. (See note below.)
   Note: I find it easy to open them/it implies that the speaker has the necessary skill. <>I find them/it easy to open implies that it is easy to open them/it.
   1-10 The hall porter of a block of flats is answering questions
   regulate the central heating<>organize the cleaning<>control the cleaning staff<>remember the tenants' names<>answer telephone esquires<>deal with complaints<>understand foreign tenants<>operate the switchboard<>read the meters<>get on with the tenants
   11-20 A farmer is answering questions
   milk your cows<>fee the calves<>start your tractor<>tow that big trailer<>service your farm machinery<>obtain spare parts<>shear your sheep<>train sheepdogs<>obey all the regulations<>sell your produce
   140 it's no use/good + gerund<> it's no use/good me/my + gerund<> <>PEG 261, 262
   A: Why didn't you tell him?<>(a) B: It's no use telling him.<> or<> B: It's no use telling him.<>B: It's no use me/my telling him. (normally with a slight stress on me/my)<>B: It's no use me/my telling him, but if you told him something might be done. <> (stress on me/my and you)
   Why didn't you ...
   talk to him?<>remind him?<>ask him?<>complain?<>suggest a remedy?<>make a fuss?<>ring him?<>refuse?<>speak out?<>threaten him?<>offer a reward?<>apply?<>resign?<>warn him?<>sign?<>strike?<>go to the embassy?<>demand compensation?<>leave?<>oppose him?
   141 insist on + gerund, insist on me/my + gerund<> <>PEG 262
   A: Tom painted the ceiling black, didn't he?<> B (in resigned tones): Yes, he insisted on painting the ceiling black.
   A: You painted the ceiling black, didn't you?<> B: Yes, Bill insisted on me/my painting the ceiling black. <> (Bill made me paint ... would also be possible.)
   Tom ... didn't he? (b) You ... didn't you?
   wore a tie,<>changed trains,<>started at midnight,<>travelled in the guard's van,<>post-dated the cheque,<>sent for the Fire Brigade,<>burnt the film,<>took the dogs,<>wrote to the papers,<>slept in the attic,<>consulted a fortune-teller,<>pulled the communication cord,<>fetched a doctor,<>stopped the traffic,<>searched the house,<>rang the police,<>defused the bomb,<>marched in the procession,<>waited till the end,<>signed the petition,
   142 in spite of + gerund<> <>PEG 259, 329
   Prompt: He spends very little.
   A: He is quite rich.<>B: But in spite of being quite rich, he spends very little.
   The sentences could of course be joined by although/though.
   Prompts are given in italics.
   He got the job. He knows no Spanish.<>He got there first. He started last.<>He remained sober. He drank a lot.<>She arrived in time. She missed the first train.<>They managed to cross the frontier. They had no passports.<>He doesn't make much progress. He practises a lot.<>She didn't lose any weight. She died for six months.<>He never made enough to live on. He worked hard.<>He never mastered the subject. He studied for ten years.<>He didn't take good photographs. He used very expensive cameras.<>She never looked smart. She paid a lot for her clothes.<>She is always late for work. She lives quite near the office.<>He passed his exams. He did no work.<>It didn't sell well. It was widely advertised.<>He was always looked on as a foreigner. He spent his life in this country.
   143 look forward to + gerund<> <>PEG 260B
   A: When you get home, you'll b able to ski, won't you?<>B: Yes, I'm looking forward to skiing. (Leave objects unchanged.)
   When you get home, you'll be able to ... won't you?
   swim in the sea,<>skate,<>ride your horse again, (Use my.)<>meet your friends, (Use my.)<>speak your own language, (Use my.)<>drink wine,<>fish in the river,<>have a good holiday,<>sunbathe,<>show off your English, (Use my.)<>take your dog for walks, (Use my.)<>buy a lot of new clothes,<>earn more money,<>get a good job,<>continue your university course, (Use my.)<>start your training, (Use my.)<>hear the local gossip,<>go out without an umbrella,<>open a language school,<>write a book about your experiences, (Use my.)
   144 make a point of + gerund<> <>
   A: She came late.<>B: Oh, she makes a point of coming late, She wants to attract attention.
   She ...
   arrived in a Rolls Royce.<>parked the Rolls just outside the concert hall.<>refused to queue at the box office.<>argued about the prices.<>insisted on seeing the manager.<>kept everyone waiting.<>smoked very powerful cigarettes.<>used very strong scent.<>wore most extraordinary clothes.<>move her seat several times.<>fanned herself vigorously.<>said she couldn't hear. (Use can't.)<>clapped very loudly.<>shouted 'Encore'.<>drank double gins at the interval.<>complained of the bad bar service.<>contradicted the critics.<>offered to write the reviews herself.<>invited the soloists to dinner.<>left before anyone else.
   145 there's no point in + gerund, what's the point of + gerund
   PEG 98A
   A: The shops don't open till 9 but we'd better be there by 8.<>B: But if the shops don't open till 9, there's no point in being there by 8.<>B: But if the shops don't open till 9, what's the point of being there by 8?
   The train doesn't leave till 9 but we'd better set out for the station at 7.<>We aren't allowed to take photos but I'll bring my camera.<>We can't park near the theatre but we'll take the car.<>The pills aren't any good but we may as well finish the bottle.<>We haven't any money but let's read the menus outside restaurants.<>It's a job for men only but I'll advise Ann to apply for it.<>None of the guests smoke but I'll provide them with ashtrays.<>Tom hasn't as chance of getting elected but I'll vote for him.<>Bill's plane doesn't land till 8 but we'd better be at the airport by 7.<>I'm sure it's not going to rain but I'll take an umbrella.<>They don't drink alcohol but I'll offer them gin.<>It's too cold to bathe but pack a swimsuit.<>My Alsation is quite harmless but I put up a notice saying, 'Beware of the dog'.<>I know he'll refuse but I'll ask all the same. (Omit all the same.)<>I don't want o buy anything but we may as well look around the shop.
   146 succeed in + gerund, manage + infinitive
   PEG 241, 259
   A: He reached the top in the end.<>B (surprised): Oh, he succeeded in reading it, did he?<>B: Oh, he managed to reach it, did he?
   He ... in the end.
   passed his driving test<>finished the portrait<>wrote his thesis<>started the car<>caught the plane<>reached the finishing line<>repaired the radio<>got his visa<>proved his innocence<>solved the problem<>climbed the mountain<>grew a beard (Use one.)<>fixed the aerial<>found a house (Use one.)<>recovered his property
   147 hear + object + -ing
   PEG 273
   A noisy night.
   A (tired and irritated): The dogs barked all night!<>B: I didn't hear them barking.<>B: I heard them barking, but it didn't keep me awake.
   The wind whistled (all night)!<>The dogs howled!<>The windows rattled!<>The stairs creaked!<>The mice squeaked!<>The rats ran about!<>The tap dripped!<>The pipes gurgled!<>The church clock struck the quarters! (Omit the quarters.)<>Water dripped through the ceiling! (Omit the ceiling.)<>Thunder rumbled!<>Chimneys crashed to the ground!<>People in the street screamed!<>Ambulance sirens wailed!<>Traffic roared past!<>The baby yelled!<>Owls hooted!<>Doors banged!<>The man upstairs groaned!<>My brother snored!
   148 hear + object + -ing
   PEG 273
   Bill is living in a room formerly occupied by Andrew. Andrew asks if the other tenants are as noisy as they were in this day. Apparently they are! The walls and floors in this house are very thin!
   A: Does Miss Jones still type all night?<>B: Yes, I hear her typing.
   Does Mr Jones still sing in his bath?<>Does Peter Jones still whistle as he goes downstairs?<>Do the Smiths still quarrel?<>Does the Jones baby still cry a lot?<>Does Mr Brown's dogs still bark a lot?<>Does Mrs Brown still cough when she goes down the stairs?<>Does Mr White still walk about at night?<>Do Mr and Mrs White still argue all the time?<>Does Mr White's alarm clock still go off at six?<>Does Mr White still swear when it goes off?<>Does Mrs Smith still hoover every morning?<>Does she still use her sewing machine every afternoon?<>Do the Smith girls still tap-dance?<>Does the Smith boy still practise the violin all night?<>Do the other tenants complain about this?<>Does Mrs Smith still nag at her husband?<>Does Mr White still hammer on the walls?<>Do the children still scream at each other?<>Do they still run up and down the corridors?<>Do they still bang on the doors as they pass? (Keep on the doors.)
   149 hear + object + -ing<> hear + object + -ing + infinitive without to<> <>PEG 273
   A: Are you sure Tom left?<>B: Yes, I heard him leaving.<>B: Yes, I heard him leave.
   A: Are you sure he told Ann?<>B: Yes, I heard him telling her.<>B: Yes, I heard him tell her.
   Are you sure ...
   Tom booked the tickets?<>Jack invited Mrs Jones?<>Mrs Jones accepted the invitation?<>Mary told her husband?<>The lift doors shut?<>Peter wound the clock?<>the bell rang?<>they accused Bill?<>the bus stopped?<>the ice cracked?<>George spoke o Mary?<>the passengers shouted at the driver?<>the driver apologized?<>Ann asked for the keys?<>Peter complained about the delay?<>the official explained?<>Ann cancelled her reservation?<>he threatened his students?<>the students laughed?<>they opened the champagne?
   150 see + object + -ing<> <>PEG 273
   A man visiting a foreign country expresses horror at what he sees. But his wife points out that he could see similar behaviour in their own country.
   A: They push their way through!<>B: But you see people pushing their way through in our country too.
   They ...
   jump the queue!<>drive much too fast!<>ignore pedestrian crossings!<>crash the lights!<>double park!<>elbow their way on to buses!<>fight in the pubs!<>sleep in the parks!<>hang washing out of their windows!<>go barefoot!<>beg in the streets!<>snatch purses!<>play the guitar in the Underground!<>dance in the streets!<>run about nearly naked!<>sit on the pavements!<>write on the walls!<>drop litter!<>stare at foreigners!<>cross the road without looking!
   151 see + object + -ing, or see + object + infinitive without to<> <>PEG 273
   A (with a note of doubt in his/her voice): Did he pay the bill?<>(a) B: Well, I didn't actually see him paying it. (stress on see)<>(b) B: Well, I didn't actually see him pay it. (stress on see)
   Did he ...
   sign the cheque?<>lock the door?<>take the key?<>read the instructions?<>use the photocopier?<>weigh the parcel?<>post the letter?<>burn the photographs?<>copy the documents?<>bury the gold?<>throw the brick?<>attack the postmistress?<>give the injection?<>sterilize the needle?<>swallow the tablet?<>oil the hinges?<>drink the coffee?<>cut the telephone cable?<>open the safe?<>take the money?
   152 see/hear + object + -ing<> see/hear + object + infinitive without to<> <>PEG 273
   Bill was standing just outside the bank when the bank was raided.<>A reporter is checking over his statement. The reporter speaks first:
   A: You say that a white van pulled up?<>B: Yes, I saw it pulling up.<>B: Yes, I saw it pull up.
   A: You say the raiders told the manager to open the safe?<>B: Yes, I heard them telling him to open the safe.<>B: Yes, I heard them tell him to open the safe.
   Use saw or heard, whichever seems most logical.
   You say that ...
   a white van stopped outside the bank?<>four masked men leapt out?<>they dashed into the bank?<>one of them demanded the keys of the safe?<>they smashed the grille?<>a woman customer screamed?<>the raiders shouted at her?<>the alarm went off?<>the police arrived?<>the raiders rushed out of the bank?<>they seized a woman as a hostage? (Omit as a hostage.)<>they threatened to kill her?<>they dragged her towards their car?<>the police sergeant told them to release her?<>the raiders fired at him?<>the sergeant ordered his men to fire back?<>passers-by ran for cover?<>the leader of the raiders fell?<>he lay bleeding on the ground?<>the others surrendered?
   153 see/hear + object + -ing<> <>PEG 273
   Trouble with football fans.
   A: A lot of their supporters behaved very badly. You saw them, didn't you?<>B: Well, I saw a few of them behaving very badly. (Stress few.)
   A: A lot of them threatened the referee. You heard them, didn't you?<>B: Well, I heard a few of them threatening the referee. (Stress few.)
   See also Drill 24.
   A lot of ... didn't you?
   climbed over the wall. You saw them,<>walked about on the grandstand roof. You saw them,<>kicked our fans. You saw them,<>made a terrible noise. You heard them,<>threw bottles on to the ground. You saw them,<>shouted insults at our team. You heard them,<>screamed abuse at the referee. You heard them,<>ran on to the field. You saw them,<>attacked the referee. You saw them,<>dug up the pitch. You saw them,<>tried to pull down the goal posts. You saw them,<>demanded a replay. You heard them,<>overturned cars. You saw them,<>smashed windows. You heard them,<>drank whisky out of bottles. You saw them,<>staggered about drunk. You saw them,<>jostled the passers-by. You saw them,<>stole fruit from the market. You saw them,<>tried to climb the lamp-posts. You saw them,<>splashed about in the fountains. You heard them,
   154 spend + time + -ing<> <>PEG 275
   A: Do you ever clean your flat?<>B: Yes. I spent all yesterday afternoon cleaning my flat.
   Do you ever ...
   tidy up<>put the books back on the shelves<>wash the coffee cups<>remove the empty bottles<>sweep up the broken glass<>empty the ashtrays<>hoover the carpets<>make the beds<>throw out the cracked cups<>replace the broken bulbs<>apologize to the landlord<>advise Bill to stop drinking<>tune the piano<>shake the mats<>take the dog for a walk<>pay your bills<>do your income tax returns<>wind the clocks<>weed your window box<>try to lose weight
   155 had better + infinitive without to<> it's time + subject + past tense
   PEG 120, 293
   Alan and Bill got work abroad for a year and each is taking his car.<>They mean to leave together, but Bill is a bit behindhand with his preparations.
   A: I've rung my parents.<>B: Oh, I'd better ring my parents. (stress on my)<>B: Oh, I suppose it's time I rang my parents. (stress on 'I' and 'my')
   I've ...
   paid my bills<>said goodbye to my colleagues<>sub-let my flat<>told my landlord<>written to my new boss<>applied for my visa<>stopped my newspapers<>bought my maps<>worked out my route<>read my instructions<>had my injections<>collected my traveller's cheques<>insured my luggage<>arranged to have my mail forwarded<>put on my roof rack<>adjusted my brakes<>tested my lights<>checked my tyres<>changed my money<>done my packing
   156 let + object + infinitive without to
   PEG 246D
   A: He wanted to go but I said 'No'.<> B: But why didn't you let him go? (slight stress on 'didn't)
   Alternatively the first sentence could be in the form:
   A: He would have gone if I'd let him.<> B: But why didn't you let him go? <>or<>B: Why on earth didn't you let him go?
   Leave noun objects unchanged.<>
   He wanted to ...<> but I said 'No'.<>
   and (c) He would have ...<> if I'd let him.<>
   stop<>help<>pay<>hitch-hike<>lead the way<>take a short cut<>tell the truth<>give evidence<>leave early<>tell me about it (Use me.)<>phone his brother<>decide for himself<>join the club<>use his real name<>bring his passport<>mark the cards<>finish the bottle<>smoke a cigar<>drive home<>wear a kilt<>
      -- stopped<>helped<>paid<>hitch-hiked<>led the way<>taken a short cut<>told the truth<>given evidence<>left early<>told me about it <>phoned his brother<>decided for himself<>joined the club<>used his real name<>brought his passport<>marked the cards<>finished the bottle<>smoked a cigar<>driven home<>worn a kilt
  
   157 let + object + infinitive without to, be allowed + infinitive
   PEG 130, 246D
   The Smiths and their two boys and the Browns and their two girls went to the same holiday resort but at different times. Afterwards the boys and girls compared notes. The boys had a much more interesting time! The boys speak first.
   Active:
   A: We went rock climbing.<>B: Our parents wouldn't let us go rock-climbing. (stress on our and let)
   Passive:
   A: We ran about without shoes.<>B: We weren't allowed to run about without shoes. (stress on we and allowed)
   We weren't let run about ... is also possible but much less usual than<>We weren't allowed to ...
   Keep nouns unchanged.
   We ...
   ran about without shoes.<>slept in the garden.<>practised parachuting.<>played water polo.<>sailed round the island.<>water-skied.<>had bicycle races on the sand.<>canoed down the river.<>climbed the cliffs.<>went surfing.<>rode Peter's pony.<>dived off the pier.<>explored the caves.<>learnt how to scuba-dive.<>took lessons in hang-gliding.
   158 let + object + infinitive without to, be allowed + infinitive
   PEG 130, 246D
   Ann's son is extremely troublesome. Ann's friend thinks that this is partly Ann's fault.
   A: He bullies his sisters.<> B: But why do you let him bully his sisters?
   Put the first sentence in the past tense:
   A: He bullied his sisters.<> B: Why did you let him bully his sisters? (stress on let)
   A: He bullied his sisters.<> B: He shouldn't have been allowed to bully his sisters. (stress on allowed)
   A: He bullied his sisters.<> B: Why was he allowed to bully his sisters? (stress on allowed)
   For drills (b) and (c) use the sentences in (a) with the verbs in the past tense. <>Leave nouns unchanged.
   He ...<>
   kicks his brother.<>shouts at his sisters.<>fights with the neighbours' children.<>upsets everyone.<>answers back.<>disobeys me. (Use you.)<>breaks the furniture.<>steals from my purse. (Use your.) <>misses school every Monday.<>watches TV all Saturday.<>plays his radio till 2 a.m.<>
      -- stays in bed all Sunday.<>comes down late for breakfast.<>puts his elbows on the table.<>talks with his mouth full.<>takes more than his share.<>rides his bicycle along<>the pavements.<>roller-skates up and down<> the corridors.<>uses awful language.<>reads terrible comics.
  
   159 make + object + infinitive without to
   PEG 246E<>
   A: He told Ann, I hope.<> B: Yes, I made him tell her.
   He put on his gloves, I hope.<> Yes, I made him put them on.<> (Notice word order.)
   <>He ... I hope.
   apologized<>explained<>paid the bill<>wrote to the Smiths<>cleaned the bath<>took his medicine<>reported the accident<>waited for Ann<>rang his parents<>finished the book<>answered the letter<>made his bed<>cleaned his shoes<>changed his socks<>wore his best suit<>moved his car<>insured his house<>fastened his safety belt<>did his exercises<>checked the tyre pressures<>
   <>He ... I hope.
   hung up his coat<>turned down the radio<>shaved off his beard<>took back the books<>picked up the pieces<>kept on his coat<>took down the notice<>rolled up the carpet<>locked up the papers<>threw away his old boots<>filled up the form<>12.looked up the time of the train<>13.switched off the central heating<>14.paid back the money<>15.put away his tools<>
  
   160 make + object + infinitive without to<> be made + infinitive with to
   PEG 246E
   Ann was temporarily in charge of a group of children, who were supposed to co-operate by looking after themselves and giving a hand with the housework. Mary doesn't think Ann was strict enough.
   Active<> A: Some of them ate their suppers. (slight stress on some)<> B: You should have made them all eat their suppers. (stress on all)
   Passive<> A: The girls ate their suppers. (stress on girls)<> B: The boys should have been made to eat their suppers too.<>
   (a) Some of them ...
   (b) The girls ...
   <>drank milk.<>washed their faces.<>brushed their hair.<>cleaned their teeth.<>put away their toys.<>helped with the washing up.<>did some housework.<>wrote to their parents.<>swept their rooms.<>wiped their boots.<>hung up their clothes.<>said 'Please'.<>ate their breakfast.<>ran round the football field.<>slept with their windows open.<>got up early.<>had a cold bath every morning.<>went to bed early.<>swept under their beds.<>picked blackberries.<>
   <>drank milk.<>washed their faces.<>brushed their hair.<>etc., as in (a)
  
   161 happen + present and continuous infinitives
   PEG 241A, G
   The first speaker is very suspicious
   A: You asked him the time. Was this part of a plan?<>B: No, I just happened to ask him the time.
   A: You were looking out of the window when I passed. Was this part of a plan?<>B: No, I just happened to be looking out of the window.
   Both types will be found in the following exercise. If a simple tense is used as in the first example, use the present infinitive. If a continuous tense is used, as in the second example, use the continuous infinitive.
   You ...
   were in the phone box when I passed. Were you watching me?<>looking at your watch. Was this a signal of some kind?<>were sitting by the window when I passed. Were you watching me?<>were leaning against your gate when I passed. Were you watching me?<>winked Tom. Was this a signal of some kind?<>were waiting for a bus when I passed. Were you watching me?<>gave him a lift. Was this part of a plan?<>were standing in your doorway when I passed. Were you watching me?<>travelled on the same train as Peter. Was this part of a plan?<>were watering your window-box when I passed. Were you watching me?<>got out at the same station as Peter. Was this part of a plan?<>had your tape recorder with you. Was this part of a plan?<>waved at Jack. Was this a signal?<>were painting your railings when I passed. Were you watching me?<>sat at the same table as Jack. Was this part of a plan?<>were clipping your hedge when I passed. Were you watching me?<>put up your umbrella when you saw Bill. Was this a signal?<>were wearing dark glasses when I saw you. Was this part of a plan?<>and Peter exchanged briefcases. Was this intentional?<>were looking through your binoculars when I passed. Were you watching me?
   162 mean + infinitive
   PEG 114, 269B
   A: I suppose you did a lot of cycling.<>B: Well, I meant to do a lot of cycling but the weather wasn't suitable.<> (slight stress on meant)<>B: Well, we were meant to do a lot of cycling but the weather wasn't suitable. <> (slight stress on meant)
   suppose could be used for mean in (b), but not in (a): <>We were supposed to do a lot of cycling.
   Note that the situation in (b) is different from the situation in (a). In (a) Bill went on holiday alone and made his own plans. In (b) he joined a group where activities were planned by the organizers. Note also that in (a) meant means intended but that in (b) meant could also convey an idea of duty.
   I was to have done/We were to have done ... could be used for both (a) and (b). But there is no indication of duty here. This form merely expresses an unfulfilled plan.
   I suppose you ...<>
   swam before breakfast.<>went pony-trekking.<>dug ditches.<>watched birds.<>looked for rare plants.<>picked strawberries.<>took aerial photographs.<>made sketch maps of the area.<>painted landscapes.<>walked a lot.<>climbed the mountains.<>spent all day in the open.<>examined the rocks.<>collected rock specimens.<>slept in tents.<>cooked in the open.<>hunted for fossils.<>
   studied the wild life in the area.<>planted trees.<>followed the river to its source.
  
  
   163 occur + to + infinitive
   PEG 241B
   A: I hope you gave Tom a drink.<>B: No, it never occurred to me to give him a drink. (= I never thought of it.)
   I hope you ...
   invited Ann.<>offered Tom a drink.<>wrote to Mrs Smith.<>thanked the twins.<>made Bill some coffee.<>put George up for the night.<>rang Andrew.<>said 'Hello'.<>congratulated Margaret.<>apologized to James.<>kept Mary a place.<>told the children a story.<>waited for Peter.<>sent James a present.<>helped the girls with their luggage.<>showed Susan the way.<>gave Bob a lift.<>saw Alice home.<>wished Bill luck.<>kissed Hilda.
   164 offer + infinitive
   PEG 241A
   A: Peter paid for me.<>B: He offered to pay for m too, but I refused. (stress on me and too)
   A: Peter painted my door.<>B: He offered to paint my door too, but I refused. (stress on me and too)<> or<>B: He offered to paint mine too, but I refused. (stress on mine and too)
   Peter ...
   waited for me.<>gave me a lift.<>lent me $5.<>found me a job.<>got me a seat.<>showed me the way.<>washed my car.<>helped me.<>carried my luggage.<>saw me off.<>met my train.<>stood me a drink.<>tuned my guitar.<>drove me home.<>put me up.<>looked after my dog.<>typed my essay.<>dug my garden.<>repaired my washing machine.<>fixed my TV.
   165 remember/forget + infinitive
   PEG 268
   Ann's bad memory saves her a lot of trouble.
   A: I locked the safe. Ann had forgotten.<> B: Oh, Ann never remembers to lock it.<> or<> B: Oh, Ann always forgets to lock it.
   A: I took down the old notices. Ann had forgotten.<> B: Oh, Ann never remembers to take them down.<> Or<> B: Oh, Ann always forgets to take them down. (Notice word order.)
   I ... Ann had forgotten.
   turned out the lights. (See (b) above.)<>switched off the TV. (See (b) above.)<>shut the lift doors.<>paid the milkman.<>took the milk in. (See (b) above.)<>washed the coffee cups.<>made coffee.<>swept the floor.<>dusted the desks.<>put up the new notices. (See (b) above.)<>watered the pot plants.<>thanked the office cleaners.<>put out the rubbish. (See (b) above.)<>stamped the letters.<>checked the petty cash.<>bought the biscuits.<>fed the tropical fish. (Use them.)<>covered the typewriters.<>set the burglar alarm.<>locked the office.
   166 seem + infinitive
   PEG 241
   Mr X has recently come to live in the area, but seems to wish to avoid people.<>This of course arouses interest and his neighbours observe him closely. Two of them are talking about him. The first speaker makes confident assertions; the second is more cautious.
   A: He wishes to avoid us.<>B: Well, he seems to wish to avoid us. (slight stress on seems)
   He ...
   is afraid of someone<>suspects everyone<>distrusts his neighbours<>dislikes children<>likes dogs<>avoids people<>reads a lot<>prefers to be alone<>thinks he is in danger<>lives on pills<>eats very little<>feeds his dogs well<>drinks a good deal<>writes a lot of letters<>works at night<>has plenty of money<>knows several languages<>takes a lot of photos<>develops his own films<>believes in ghosts
   167 seem + continuous infinitive
   PEG 241G
   Two people keep a close eye on Mr Smith, who lives opposite. The road is wide and busy so they do not see exactly what is happening, but they have a general idea.
   A: He doesn't usually watch television.<>B: Well, he seems to be watching it today.
   A: He doesn't usually get letters.<>B: Well, he seems to be getting some today.
   He doesn't usually ...
   talk to his mother-in-law.<>help his wife.<>use the public phone box.<>try to please his wife.<>wear a suit. (Use one.)<>play with the children.<>bring his wife flowers.<>take photographs.<>do the shopping.<>carry his wife's parcels.<>leave the car at home.<>let his wife drive.<>quarrel with his neighbours.<>shout at his neighbour's dogs.<>walk to work.<>pay cash.<>collect the children from school.<>read the paper.<>wait for his wife.<>shake his fist at us.
   168 seem/appear/is said/is supposed + perfect infinitive
   PEG 255C
   Two people are visiting a 'stately home' built in the eighteenth century by a famous duke. One asks questions about the duke, which the other, who has just bought the guide book, does his best to answer.
   A: Was he rich? (very)<>B: Yes, he seems to have been very rich.<>B: Yes, he appears to have been very rich.<>B: Yes, he is said to have been very rich.<>B: Yes, he is supposed to have been very rich.
   Did he live here? (most of his life)<>Did he marry? (several times)<>Did he have children? (a lot of)<>Did he build any other houses? (several)<>Did he own (large) estates? (enormous)<>Did he employ a (large) staff? (huge)<>Was he a (good) landlord? (excellent)<>Did his tenants like him? (very much)<>Did he entertain? (lavishly)<>Did he drink? (heavily)<>Did he hunt? (when he was a young man)<>Did he keep racehorses? (all his life)<>Did they win races? (quite a lot of)<>Did he lose money gambling? (a fortune)<>Did he sell his other houses? (two of them)<>Did he quarrel with his neighbours? (some of them)<>Did he fight duels? (two)<>Did he kill his opponent? (both times)<>Did he leave the country? (after the second duel)<>Did he die (abroad)? (in Paris)
   169 subject + used + infinitive
   PEG 162B
   A: Do you swim?<>B: No, I used to swim a lot but I don't now.
   Do you ...
   smoke?<>drink?<>garden?<>eat out?<>read?<>write?<>sing?<>gossip?<>gamble?<>travel?<>ride?<>paint?<>sail?<>dream?<>listen to the radio? (Omit to the radio.)<>go (to concerts)?<>Play tennis? (omit tennis.)<>argue with your husband? (Use him.)<>quarrel with your mother-in-law? (Use her.)<>complain?
   170 subject + used + infinitive
   PEG 162B
   A: Peter is swimming his room.<>B: Is he? I used to sweep my room too, but I don't now.
   A: Peter has just paid his telephone bill.<>B: Has he? I used to pay my telephone bill too, but I don't now.
   Use the appropriate auxiliary for the first phrase. Stress 'I' and 'my'.
   Peter ...
   is washing up<>has just shaved<>goes to evening classes<>cuts his toenails<>washes his socks<>reads the newspaper<>took back his library books<>is emptying his ashtrays<>is sewing on buttons<>has polished his shoes<>wears a tie<>sweeps his floor<>goes to work<>got up early<>writes to the newspapers<>give advice to his children<>is saving money<>has made his bed<>stamps his letters<>cleans the bath
   171 be afraid + infinitive
   PEG 271A
   Bill explains why he did not act as Alan expected.
   A: You went on, I suppose.<>B: No, I was afraid to go on.
   A: You gave the injection, I suppose.<>B: No, I was afraid to give it.
   Alternative answers are: No, I didn't dare to go on/give it and <> No, I dared not go on/give it.
   Compare with Drill 33, be afraid of.
   You ... I suppose.
   jumped out,<>climbed down,<>used the lift,<>complained,<>drank the coffee,<>interrupted him,<>contradicted him,<>mentioned it to your wife,<>told your colleagues,<>informed the police,<>opened the packet,<>went out at night, (Keep night.)<>said something, (Use anything.)<>appealed,<>answered the phone,
   172 be + horrified/glad/surprised/amazed/relieved etc. + infinitive
   PEG 26F
   A: I saw smoke coming under the door. (horrified)<>B: I was horrified to see smoke coming under the door.
   (This is just an exercise, not a conversation.)
   I heard cries of pain coming from the next room. (horrified)<>I saw a photograph of myself on the front page. (astonished)<>I found a complete stranger taking food out of my fridge. (annoyed)<>I saw that the beds had been made. (glad)<>I received an invitation to the palace. (delighted)<>I found that no preparations had been made. (surprised)<>I heard that the last train had just left. (dismayed)<>I found everyone still in bed at eleven o'clock. (shocked)<>I saw blood all over the carpet. (appalled)<>I heard rats running up and down inside the walls. (amazed)<>I found the last bus still standing there. (relieved)<>I heard that you can't come skiing after all. (disappointed)<>I learnt that no room had been reserved for me. (annoyed)<>I saw that most of the town had been destroyed by the explosion. (appalled)<>I heard that my brother's plane had crashed. (horrified)<>I heard that my brother was safe. (relieved)<>I found that I could make myself understood. (pleased)<>I saw that I had passed the exam. (glad)<>I found my name at the very bottom of the list. (sorry)<>I heard that I could have every weekend off. (delighted)
   173 it is/was + adjective + of + object + infinitive
   PEG 26B1
   A: He warned me. (kind)<>B: It was kind of him to warn you.
   They waited for me (good)<>He lent Ann his bicycle. (kind)<>She believed him. (stupid)<>They invited me. (nice)<>She told the police. (sensible)<>I found the way. (clever) (Use you.)<>She left her car unlocked. (careless)<>He had another drink. (rash)<>He asked Bill to drive. (prudent)<>She argued with the customs officer. (idiotic)<>He refused to share his sandwiches. (selfish)<>They ran away. (cowardly)<>He kept the money. (dishonest)<>He took the only cream cake. (greedy)<>She jumped into the river to save the child. (brave)<>He offered to pay. (generous)<>He suggested going Dutch. (mean)<>He said I wasn't any use. (unkind)<>He told lies about me. (wicked)<>He admitted he was wrong. (courageous)
   174 what a/an + adjective + noun + infinitive
   PEG 26B2
   A: He sleeps in a wine cellar. (odd place)<>B: What an odd place to sleep!
   He ...
   lives in a cave. (funny place)<>is studying dowsing. (odd thing)<>parked outside the police station. (silly place)<>travels by donkey. (slow way)<>said, 'Mind your own business'. (rude thing)<>sleeps in his car. (uncomfortable place)<>makes money by telling fortunes. (interesting way)<>swims at night. (odd time)<>plays golf on his flat roof. (strange place)<>makes all his important decisions in the lift. (extraordinary place)<>lives on brown rice. (odd thing) (Keep on.)<>cooks in his bathroom. (queer place)<>rings up friends at 6 a.m. (inconvenient time)<>keeps (his) money in an old sock. (unsafe place)<>spends his free time at the railway station. (noisy place) (Use one's for his.)<>relaxes by standing on his head. (odd way)<>reads the telephone directory. (strange thing)<>gets up at 4 a.m. (unpleasant time)<>has a holiday in June. (agreeable time)<>drives a Rolls Royce. (expensive car)
   175 too + adjective + infinitive, adjective + enough + infinitive
   PEG 252A, B
   A: Bob got another job, I suppose? (old/young)<>(a) B: No, he was too old to get another job.<>(b) B: Yes, he was young enough to get another job.
   ... I suppose?
   Tom went alone, (young/old)<>Peter got through the window, (fat/thin)<>George drove the car, (drunk/sober)<>Ann waited quietly, (impatient/patient)<>Mary walked upstairs, (weak/strong)<>Peter ate something, (ill/well) (Use anything with ill, something with well.)<>James bought the house, (poor/rich)<>Frank understood, (stupid/clever)<>Bill rode the pony, (heavy/light)<>The other driver listened to you, (excited/calm)<>She wore your fur coat, (short/tall)<>Jack became a jockey, (big/small)<>Mary applied again, (discouraged/optimistic)<>Oliver tried the new system, (unenterprising/enterprising)<>Your boss gives you a bonus, (mean/generous) (Use us.)<>Tom admitted his mistake, (proud/honest)<>Your grandmother wore jeans, (conventional/unconventional)<>You lent Bill money, (cautious/rash)<>James sympathized with the younger generation, (narrow-minded/broad-minded)<>He said that it was your fault, (polite/impolite)
   176 too + adjective + infinitive, adjective + enough + infinitive
   PEG 252A, B
   A: You carried the case? (heavy/light)<>B: No, it was too heavy.<> or<> No, it was too heavy for me to carry.<>B: Yes, it was light enough to carry.<> or<> Yes, it was light enough for me to carry.
   A: You put the boat on the roof rack? (big/small)<>B: No, it was too big to put on the roof rack.<>B: Yes, it was small enough to put on the roof rack.
   For me/you/him etc. is not necessary except when it is important <>to emphasize who is doing the action.
   You ...
   ate the apple? (sour/sweet)<>grilled the steak? (tough/tender)<>pushed the packet under the door? (thick/thin)<>read the inscription? (faint/clear)<>saw the bird's nest quite clearly? (high/low)<>put the trunk in the boot of the car? (big/small)<>towed the boat behind the car? (heavy/light)<>put your umbrella in your suitcase? (long/short)<>waded across the river? (deep/shallow)<>jumped across the stream? (wide/narrow)<>picked the fruit? (unripe/ripe)<>sent it by post? (fragile/sturdy)<>used yesterday's milk? (sour/fresh)<>drank the coffee? (hot/cool)<>wore your blue suit? (shabby/smart)
   177 too + adjective + infinitive, adjective + enough + infinitive
   PEG 252A, B
   A: You sat on the grass, I suppose? (wet/dry)<>B: No, it was too wet to sit on.<> or<> No, it was too wet for us to sit on.<>B: Yes, it was dry enough to sit on.<> or<> Yes, it was dry enough for us to sit on.
   A: The plane landed on the field, I suppose? (rough/smooth)<>B: No, it was too rough to land on.<>or<>No, it was smooth enough to land on.<>B: Yes, it was smooth enough to land on.<> or<> Yes, it was smooth enough for the plane to land on.
   ... I suppose?
   You slept in the cave, (wet/dry)<>They camped on the ledge, (narrow/wide)<>He walked on the ice, (thin/thick)<>He slid down the pole. (rough/smooth)<>The plane landed on the sand, (soft/hard)<>You took out the (electric light) bulb, (hot/cool)<>She ready by the light of the moon, (dim/bright)<>You saw through the hedge, (thick/thin)<>He dived from the pier, (high/low)<>She handed in her exercise, (untidy/tidy)<>You swam in the river, (polluted/clean)<>He stood on the table, (unsteady/steady)<>She dived into the pond, (shallow/deep)<>You sat on the floor, (dirty/clean)<>You picked up the sack of potatoes, (heavy/light)
   178 Purpose expressed by the infinitive
   PEG 334A
   A: He learned to cook in Paris. Were you surprised?<>B: No. He went to Paris to learn to cook. (slight stress on went)<> or<> No. He went to Paris in order to learn to cook. (slight stress on order)
   He ... Were you surprised?
   arranged a loan in Zurich.<>met Bill in Edinburgh.<>sold his pictures in London.<>opened a bank account in Switzerland.<>painted a portrait in Florida.<>learnt to fly in Australia.<>played tennis in Florida.<>bought diamonds in Amsterdam.<>climbed mountains in Wales.<>skied in Norway.<>watched the penguins in the Antarctic.<>dived for treasure in the Mediterranean.<>had an eye operation in Barcelona.<>gambled in Monte Carlo.<>gave a concert in Munich.<>studied judo in Japan.<>visited the Spanish Riding School in Vienna.<>wrote a book in Seville.<>fished for salmon in Scotland.<>photographed lions in Africa.
   179 Purpose: so as not + infinitive
   PEG 334B
   Tom has taken a room in a boarding house. The landlady has an old resident she particularly doesn't want to offend, so she gives Tom a list of things not to do.
   A: You mustn't make a noise at night. It wakes Mrs Jones.<>B: All right. I won't make a noise at night so as not to wake Mrs Jones.
   You must not ... Mrs Jones.
   talk about traffic accidents. It frightens<>criticize lady drivers. It offends<>play the radio loudly. It disturbs<>tell dirty jokes. It shocks<>make a noise at night. It wakes<>chew gum. It disgusts<>bang doors. It startles<>say anything about rising prices. It depresses<>whistle. It irritates<>discuss hijacking. It worries<>sing in your bath. It annoys<>smoke at meals. It upsets<>come in late. It bothers<>leave your bicycle in the hall. It inconveniences<>mention illness. It distresses
   180 Purpose clauses and prevent + object + gerund
   PEG 336C
   Ann has left her husband and is giving her solicitor her reasons for doing so. The solicitor repeats her complaints as he writes them down.
   A: He didn't like me going through his private papers so he locked them up.<> B: I see. He locked up his private papers so that you couldn't/wouldn't be able to go <> through them.<>A: He didn't like me going through his private papers so he locked them up.<> B: I see. He locked up his private papers to prevent you going through them.
   He didn't like me ...
   driving the car, so he took the keys to the office every day.<>drinking during the day, so he locked the drinks in the cupboard.<>drawing cheques, so he closed my account.<>smoking his cigars, so he hid his cigar box.<>going out after dark, so he locked the door.<>watching television, so he sold the TV.<>opening bottles of wine, so he kept the corkscrew in his pocket.<>borrowing his sweaters, so he locked the wardrobe.<>ringing my friends late at night, so he disconnected the phone.<>serving tinned soup, so he threw away the tin-opener.<>taking money from the safe, so he changed the combination.<>using his tools, so he locked his toolbox.<>typing on his typewriter, so he removed the ribbon.<>riding his bicycle, so he took a wheel off.<>getting on the roof, so he put bars in the skylight.<> <>as in (b), but use an infinitive in each case, as this provides a better contrast with the ground:
   He didn't like me to drive/drink/draw/smoke/go/watch/open/borrow/ring/serve/take/use/type/ride/get.
   181 Purpose clauses: so that + subject + would
   PEG 336A
   The first speaker is very naive.<>A: He happened to be standing by his gate. So he saw the shooting.<>B: It was no accident. He was standing by his gate so that he would see the shooting.<> (stress on would.)
   He happened to leave his clothes on the beach. So we thought he was drowned.<>She happened to put the letter on top of the pile. So he opened it first.<>She accidentally burnt the document. So we have no record of the agreement.<>He happened to be wearing dark glasses. So no one recognized him.<>He happened to be sitting on the letter. So we didn't see it.<>By accident she gave us the wrong address. So we went to the wrong place.<>She happened to mention Tom's name. So Tom was suspected.<>He happened to be standing outside the door. So he heard the conversation.<>They happened to be speaking French. So neither of us understood them.<>They accidentally left a bicycle in the passage and Tom fell over it.<>She happened to have left her umbrella at home. So she had to share Peter's.<>He happened to post all his cards in Rome. So we assumed he spent his whole holiday there.<>He happened to be in the telephone box. So he saw everything.<>She happened to drop the report on Peter's desk. So Peter read it.<>She accidentally dropped her handkerchief. Jack picked it up.
   182 Purpose: in case
   PEG 337A
   An over-protective mother gives instructions to her au pair girl.
   A: If he bathes, he'll catch cold.<>B: I see. I'm not to let him bathe in case he caches cold.
   The au pair girl reports this conversation later.
   B: I wasn't allowed to let him bathe in case he caught cold.<> or<>(c) B: She told me not to let him bathe in case he caught cold.
   If he ...
   climbs trees he'll tear his trousers.<>plays near the river he'll fall in.<>talks to the neighbour's children he'll learn bad language.<>runs about in the garden he'll trample the flowers.<>strikes matches he'll burn himself.<>uses the scissors he'll cut himself.<>stand on his head he'll make himself giddy.<>pats the dogs they will bite him.<>strokes the cats they will scratch him.<>shouts he'll disturb his grandfather.<>kicks his football in the garden he'll damage the roses.<>sits on the grass he'll catch a cold.<>crosses the road alone he'll be run over.<>goes out alone he'll lose his way.<>carries a tray he'll drop it.<>flies his kite he'll lose it.<>sails his boat he'll get his feet wet.<>throws his ball he'll break a window.<>helps the painters he'll spill the paint.<>rides his bicycle he'll have an accident
   183 might/shouldn't + perfect infinitive
   PEG 133A, 143
   This is a continuation of the previous exercise. The au pair girl, feeling sorry for the boy, allowed him to climb trees, kick the football etc., and the disasters predicted by his mother didn't happen. She tells the mother this.
   A: He bathed and didn't catch cold.<>B: But you shouldn't have let him bathe! He might have caught cold.
   Alternatively:
   A: He bathed.<>B: But you shouldn't have let him bathe!
   A: He didn't catch cold.<>B: But he might have caught cold!
   He ...
   climbed trees and didn't tear his trousers.<>played near the river and didn't fall in.<>talked to the neighbour's children and didn't learn bad language.<>ran about in the garden and didn't trample the flowers.<>struck matches and didn't burn himself.<>used the scissors and didn't cut himself.<>stood on his head and didn't make himself giddy.<>patted the dogs and they didn't bite him.<>stroked the cats and they didn't scratch him.<>shouted and didn't disturb his grandfather.<>kicked his football and didn't damage the roses.<>sat on the grass and didn't catch a cold.<>crossed the road and wasn't run over.<>went out alone and didn't lose his way.<>carried a tray and didn't drop it.<>flew his kite and didn't lose it.<>sailed his boat and didn't get his feet wet.<>threw his ball and didn't break a window.<>helped the painters and didn't spill the paint.<>rode his bicycle and didn't have an accident.
   184 Passive: simple present, simple past, present perfect and should
   PEG 302D, 303A
   A: In my college the domestic staff sweep the classrooms.<>B: Our classrooms are swept by students. (stress on our)<>B: Our classrooms were swept by students. (stress on our)<>B: Our classrooms have always been swept by students. (stress on our)<>B: Our classrooms should be swept by students. (stress on students)<> <>In my college ...
   technicians service the equipment<>the schoolkeeper cleans the blackboards<>a cleaner keeps the common room tidy<>the catering staff cook the lunches<>the schoolkeeper rings the bells<>the cleaners empty the wastepaper baskets<>trained telephonists man the switchboard<>the maintenance staff replace broken windows<>a trained driver drives the college bus<>qualified librarians look after the library<>the welfare officer organizes the annual dance<>the music staff produce the annual concert<>the physical training instructor runs the sports club<>the entertainments officer arranged trips<>the college secretary collects the fees<>the Director draws up the year's programme<>a printing firm prints our college magazine<>a paid handyman does all our repairs<>the Governors choose the Principal<>the Principal appoints staff
   185 Passive: present continuous and past continuous
   PEG 302C
   A: They are widening our road.<> B: Oh, our road is being widened too. (stress on our)
   Later, a third person asks:
   A: What did Bill say about the road?
   And is answered in direct speech:
   B: He said it was being widened.
   They are ...
   repainting our bridge.<>repairing our road.<>widening our pavements.<>changing our house numbers.<>rebuilding out town hall.<>taking down our park railings.<>re-opening our theatre.<>cleaning our statues.<>closing down our local hospital.<>moving our library.<>replacing our street lights.<>extending our no-traffic area.<>re-routing our buses.<>turning our local cinema into a Bingo hall.<>masking our street one-way.<>resurfacing our road.<>restoring our old church.<>dredging our river.<>demolishing our old library.<>putting up our rates.
   186 Passive: present perfect and past perfect
   PEG 303A
   A: Shall I buy the bread?<> B: It's just been bought, actually.
   A: Did you buy the bread?<> B: No, when I arrived it had just been bought.<>
   Shall I ...
   make the mayonnaise?<>lay the table?<>open the bottles?<>grind the coffee?<>fry the sausages?<>wash the glasses?<>whip the cream?<>grate the cheese?<>slice the cucumber?<>boil the eggs?<>shell the peas?<>carve the chicken?<>skin the tomatoes?<>mix the salad dressing?<>mash the potatoes?<>core the apples?<>peel the grapes?<>squeeze the lemons?<>grill the steak?<>roast the chestnuts?<>
   Did you ...
   make the mayonnaise?<>lay the table?<>etc.<>
  
   187 Passive: may/might + perfect infinitive
   PEG 302D
   Ann and Bill are worried about a packet they are expecting from a not very efficient firm.
   A: Perhaps they didn't treat this order as urgent.<> B: Yes, it may/might not have been treated as urgent.
   A: Perhaps the Customs impounded the packet<>B: Yes, it may/might have been impounded by the Customs.
   A third person reports these opinions later. The prompt is given to help the student to remember.
   Prompt: didn't treat this order as urgent.<> C: They thought that it might not have been treated as urgent.
   1-10 Perhaps they ...
   didn't deal with the order at once.<>didn't post the packet promptly.<>didn't mark it urgent.<>didn't address it correctly.<>didn't label it clearly.<>didn't tie it up properly.<>didn't send it by air.<>didn't stamp it sufficiently.<>didn't register it.<>didn't insure it.
   11-20 Perhaps ...
   the clerk overlooked the order.<>the postman put it in the wrong box.<>the postman delivered it to the wrong floor.<>the postman left it next door.<>the postman brought it to our old office.<>the Customs delayed it. (Keep the Customs.)<>the Customs returned it to the senders. . (Keep the Customs.)<>the Customs confiscated it. (Keep the Customs.)<>the postal strike held it up.<>a magpie stole it.
   As for (a), but in 1-10 omit Perhaps they and in 11-20 omit Perhaps.
   188 Passive: must + phrasal verbs
   PEG 305B
   A: About this parcel - do we have to tie it up?<>B: Oh, yes, it must be tied up.
   About ... - do we have to ...
   these books ... take them back?<>these old newspapers ... throw them away?<>this broken glass ... sweep it up?<>this wallet we've found ... hand it in?<>these old curtains ... take them down?<>the carpet ... roll it up?<>this watch we are giving him ... wrap it up?<>this information ... pass it on?<>this notice ... put it up?<>the instructions ... write them down?<>these forms ... fill them up?<>the cases on the roofrack ... strap them on?<>the money ... pay it back?<>the dishes ... wash them up?<>his orders ... carry them out?<>the wall that you say is unsafe ... pull it down?<>the caravan ... tow it away?<>the documents ... lock them up?<>the meeting ... put it off?<>the weeds ... pull them up?
   189 Passive: should + present and perfect infinitives
   PEG 302D
   It is Thursday evening. The secretary is inclined to leave everything till Friday, which doesn't please the boss. But perhaps the secretary has too many duties.
   A: I'll remove the old newspapers tomorrow.<>B: But they should be removed every day. (stress on every)<>B: But they should have been removed today. (stress on today)
   I'll ... tomorrow.
   open your windows<>dust your desk<>tidy your books<>water your pot plants<>wind your clock<>empty your wastepaper basket<>wash your coffee cup<>clean your office<>clear your out-tray<>refill your cigar-box<>enter the expenses<>check the petty cash<>test the alarm system<>pay in the cheques (Keep in.)<>lock the grille<>change the combination of the safe<>report the absentees<>write up the diary (Keep up.)<>file the copies<>exercise the guard dogs
   190 Passive: used to + infinitive
   PEG 302D
   A: They serve wine once a week.<>B: It used to be served twice a week, didn't it? (stress on twice)
   A: The hospital allows visitors once a day.<>B: They used to be allowed twice a day, didn't they?
   They make tea once a day.<>They sweep the street once a week.<>The office issues season tickets once a month.<>They deliver mail once a day.<>They lower the safety curtain once in every performance.<>The doctor weighs the children once a term.<>They test our company car once a year.<>They publish the paper once a month.<>The announcer gives weather reports once a day.<>Someone inspects restaurants every year.<>We test the students once a term.<>We admit new students once a term.<>We elect new officers once a year.<>They read the news (on the radio) once a day.<>They play the national anthem once a day.<>They empty the dustbin once a week.<>Someone washes my windows once a month.<>They drain the swimming pool once a year.<>They change the film once a week.<>They service the lift once a year.
   191 Passive: will have/would have + infinitive
   PEG 302D
   Bill has bought a house and a friend are discussing repairs and alterations. The friend speaks first:
   A: You'll repair the gate, I suppose?<>B: Oh, yes, the gate will have to be repaired.
   Bill is looking over a house which is for sale. He and his friend are considering what repairs would be necessary if he bought it.
   A: You'd repair the gate, I suppose?<>B: Oh, yes, the gate would have be repaired.<>
   (a) You'll ... I suppose?
   (b) You'd ... I suppose?
   <>replace the broken panes,<>retile the roof,<>repair the gutters,<>sweep the chimneys,<>redecorate the hall,<>paint the woodwork,<>repaper the sitting room,<>install central heating,<>move the kitchen,<>rewire the basement,<>change the locks,<>strengthen the balconies,<>put in a skylight,<>see to the drains,<>mend the fence,<>clip the hedge,<>cut back the bushes,<>prune the apple trees,<>fill up the holes in the path,<>rebuild the garage,<>
   <>replace the broken panes,<>retile the roof,<>etc.<>
  
   192 Reported speech: statements reported by he says or he said
   PEG 308A, B
   Alan is coming to spend a few days with the Smiths. He phones from the station. <>Betty Smith answers.
   She reports Alan's remarks to her husband while the conversation is still going on.
   A: I'm phoning from the station.<>B: He says he's phoning from the station.
   This time, Betty reports the conversation later.
   B: He said he was phoning from the station.
   I've just arrived.<>We were delayed two hours by a blocked line.<>The station is packed with football fans from my home town.<>I can hardly hear you; they are making such a noise.<>I'll try to get a taxi.<>But this may take some time as all the football fans seem to want taxis too. <>(Use it for this.)<>I may have to leave my luggage in the station and get a bus.<>I hope t be with you in about an hour. (Use us.)<>I have a French girl with me called Marie Celeste.<>Her brother asked me to look after her.<>We're waiting for her friends but I don't see any sign of them.<>If they don't turn up, I'll have to bring Marie with me.<>I hope you won't mind.<>I'm sure you'll like her.<>She is the most charming girl I have ever met.<>I'm going to try to get her a job in my college.<>It's very good of you to put me up. (Use us.)<>I'm afraid I can only stay three days.<>I'm looking forward to seeing you again very much. (Use us.)<>I've got lots of messages for you from my family. (Use us.)
   193 Reported speech: suggest + gerund
   PEG 289D
   A students' club are planning a holiday abroad. The committee is now discussing where to go and what to do. Three members make suggestions.
   The chairman repeats each suggestion to make sure that the rest of the committee have heard it:
   A (=PAUL): Shall we start on Friday?<>B: Paul suggests starting on Friday.
   A (=BILL): Hotels are too dear. Let's camp out.<>B: Bill says hotels are too dear and suggests camping out.
   The secretary reports the suggestions afterwards to someone who wasn't at the meeting:
   A (=BILL): Friday's too soon. Let's wait till Saturday.<>B: Bill said that Friday was too soon and suggested waiting till Saturday.
   See also Drills 28 and 29
   Shall we hitch-hike? (Paul)<>There are too many of us. Let's go on motor cycles. (Bill)<>That's too uncomfortable. Why don't we hire cars? (Ann)<>It would cost too much. What about borrowing the college bus? (Bill)<>Shall we sleep in Youth Hostels? (Bill)<>Let's camp out. (Paul)<>Why not rent a caravan? (Ann)<>Shall we pick fruit and make some money? (Paul)<>Fruit picking is hard work. Let's spend the day on the beach. (Bill)<>(And) let's visit museums and art galleries. (Ann)<>Shall we eat in restaurants? (Ann)<>Let's have meals in the caravan. (Paul)<>Why don't we cook over an open fire? (Bill)<>Let's pack plenty of tinned food and Coca Cola. (Paul)<>Let's buy food locally. (Ann)<>Why not drink the local wine? (Bill)<>Shall we find out about pop festivals? (Bill)<>Let's look out for classical concerts. (Ann)<>Why don't we bring guitars and make our own music? (Paul)<>Why don't we split into three groups? (Bill)
   194 Reported speech: questions
   PEG 317
   Alan is thinking of buying a car. He asks a colleague, Bill, a number of questions, <>which Bill later reports to another car-owner.
   A: Have you (got) a car?<>B: He asked if I had a car.<> or<> He asked me if I had a car.
   A: Do you have it serviced regularly?<>B: He asked if I had it serviced regularly.
   What kind of car have you (got)? (got can be omitted.)<>What does it cost you to run it?<>How many kilometres does it do the litre?<>Does it belong to you or you and your wife?<>Can your wife drive?<>Is she a safe driver?<>How many kilometres do you drive in a month?<>Did you pass your test the first time?<>Do you think driving tests are any use?<>Do you give lifts?<>How long have you been driving?<>Have you ever had an accident?<>Was it your own fault?<>Do you do your own repairs?<>What would you do if petrol doubled in price?<>Do you always wear a safety belt?<>Do you take the car to work?<>Are you thinking of getting a new car?<>Do you let your wife take the car shopping?<>Don't you think it unwise to let your wife drive?
   195 Reported speech: questions
   PEG 317
   Mrs Adams, who is rather inquisitive, wants to know about Mrs Brown's new tenant. <>Mrs Brown reports the questions to her husband.
   A: Who is he?<>B: She asked me who he was. (me is not essential)
   A: What does he do for a living?<>B: She asked me what he did for a living. (me is not essential)
   How long has he been here?<>Where does he come from?<>Does he teach in the Technical College?<>How long has he been working there?<>Is he married?<>Where is his wife?<>Does he get many letters?<>Where do his letters come from?<>Where does he do his shopping?<>Does he do his own cooking?<>Do you clean his flat?<>Has he a car?<>Does he ever speak to you?<>What does he do in the evenings?<>Does he go away at the weekends?<>Does he wear a wig?<>Why has he shaved off his beard?<>Is he thinking of buying a house here?<>Why is Mrs Jones suspicious of him?<>What do your other tenants think of him?
   196 Reported speech: want + object + infinitive
   PEG 243A
   Mr Jones calls Ann into his office and gives her some instructions. She then returns to the main office and tells a colleague what she has been asked to do.
   A: Would you please file these letters?<>B: He wants me to file some letters. (She hasn't filed them yet.)<>B: He wanted me to file some letters. (wanted implies that she has already filed them or <> that she couldn't or wouldn't file them.)<>B: He asked/told me to file them. (This merely reports the request.)
   Use a for this, some for these and his for my.
   Would you please ...
   copy this contract?<>correct this spelling mistake?<>add something o this letter?<>pin up these notices in the canteen?<>look up our MP's address?<>order some more paperclips?<>contact our American branch?<>send this report to our head office?<>check these figures?<>bring your tape recorder to the meeting?<>type out a full report?<>put these documents in my dispatch case?<>lock my dispatch case?<>leave the key on my desk?<>take these books back to the library?<>buy some flowers for my wife?<>tell my wife I won't be home tonight?<>remind the cleaners to empty my ashtray?<>advertise for a new office boy?<>book two plane tickets for New York?<>197 Reported speech: advise/warn + object + infinitive
   PEG 320A, D
   Bill is at his office, where he has just heard that he has won $100,000. Ann, his secretary, and Tom, a colleague, are giving him advice, which he later reports to a friend he meets on the train home.
   A (=ANN): Why don't you give up your job?<>B: Ann advised me to give up my job.
   A (=TOM): Don't do anything in a hurry.<>B: Tom warned me not to do anything in a hurry.
   Tom's advice consists entirely of warnings, so it is best reported by warned, though advised would also possible.
   I should send out for a bottle of champagne. (Ann)<>You'd better wait till lunchtime. (Tom)<>Why don't you spend $1,000 on a terrific holiday? (Ann)<>Don't change your way of living too quickly. (Tom)<>Invite all your neighbours to a party. (Ann)<>Don't begin entertaining too lavishly. (Tom)<>You'd better give some of it to a charity. (Ann)<>Don't offer to help everyone. (Tom)<>I should get a new car. (Ann)<>Don't go on a spending spree. (Tom)<>Why don't you ring your wife and pass on the good news? (Ann)<>You'd better not talk about it too much. (Tom)<>Ask your wife what she'd like as a present. (Ann)<>Don't give her a blank cheque. (Tom)<>Why don't you tell her to go out and buy some new clothes? (Ann)<>Don't encourage her to be extravagant. (Tom)<>Why don't you visit your sister in Australia? (Ann)<>You'd better see your tax inspector first. (Tom)<>I should buy presents for all the children. (Ann)<>Don't give them the impression that you are going to keep them<> in idleness for the rest of their lives. (Tom)
   198 Reported speech: requests reported by ask/want + object + infinitive
   PEG 284, 320
   Mr and Mrs Butt are booking in at a hotel. Mr Butt talks to the receptionist. Mrs Butt, who is a little deaf, doesn't her the conversation clearly and asks her husband afterwards, who reports the receptionist's requests.
   A (=receptionist): If you'd leave your passport ...<> B: She asked me to leave my passport.<> A: Please don't leave the lift doors open.<> B: She asked me not to leave the lift doors open. (warned would also be possible.)
   Alternatively Mrs Butt may want each sentence reported at once:
   A: If you'd leave your passport ...<> B: She wants me to leave my passport. (asks is possible but would be less usual.)<> A: Please don't leave the lift doors open.<> B: She is asking/is warning me not to leave the lift doors open. (doesn't want me to is <> possible but less emphatic.)
   Could you show me your passport please?<>If you'd fill up this form ... (Use the for this.)<>Would you sign the register, please?<>Please write down the number of your car. (Use our.)<>Please don't leave anything valuable in the car.<>Please don't park outside the hotel.<>Would you put your car in the hotel garage?<>If you'd give the keys to the hall porter ...<>Please don't smoke in the garage.<>Would you please read the Fire Instructions?
   From now on, use She asked/wants/is asking/is warning us.
   If you'd shut the lift gates after you ...<>Please don't allow your children to play with the lift.<>Please tell me if you'd like an early call.<>Could you let me know if you are going to be in for dinner?<>Don't bring your dog into the dining room, please.<>Would you hang your keys on this board when you are going out? (Use the.)<>Could you vacate your room by noon on the day you are leaving?<>Ring for room service if you want anything.<>Would you inform the hall porter if you're going to be out late?<>Please don't make too much noise after midnight.
   <>199 Reported speech: commands reported by tell/warn/want <> + object + infinitive, or say + subject + be + infinitive
   PEG 320, 321
   A supervisor is giving instructions to a group of exam candidates. One of these, Bill, reports the instructions after the exam.
   A: Sit at the numbered desks.<> B: He told us to sit at the numbered desks.
   A: Don't smoke.<> B: He told/warned us not to smoke.
   Bill also reports the instructions immediately they are given to another candidate who <>doesn't hear very well.
   A: Sit at the numbered desks.<> B: He says we're to sit at the numbered desks.<> or<> B: He wants us to sit at the numbered desks.
   A: Don't smoke.<> B: He says we're not to smoke.<> or<> B: He wants us not to smoke.
   Warn could also be used to report an affirmative command:
   A: Watch the time.<>B: He warned us to watch the time.<>
      -- Hang up your coats.<>Don't write in the margin.<>Put your name on each sheet.<>Read the questions carefully.<>Start each question on a fresh sheet.<>Answer the questions in order.<>Don't spend too long on the first question.<>Don't talk to your neighbour.<>Don't try to copy your neighbour's answers.<>Keep to the point.<>Watch the time.
   Be careful about your spelling.<>Write clearly.<>Count the number of words in your essays.<>Look over your work before you hand it in.<>Number your sheets.<>Tie the sheets together.<>Go out quietly when you've finished.<>Don't take any paper out of the room.<>Come back at two o'clock.<>
   <>200 Reported speech: commands reported by say + subject + be + infinitive
   PEG 321
   Mr Jones, a widower, has to go away for a fortnight, leaving his house and two children <>in the care of his neighbour, Ann. He gives Ann various instructions, which she reports<>to her husband.
   A: If one of the children gets ill, ring the doctor.<>B: He says that if one of the children gets ill I am to ring the doctor.<>B: He said that if one of the children got ill I was to call a doctor.
   Up to the time that Mr Jones goes away, Ann could use either form.<>After he has left she would be more likely to use the second.
   If one of the children loses his appetite, take his temperature.<>If the temperature is very high, ring the doctor.<>If one of them cuts himself, wash the cut and put on a plaster.<>When they have finished their homework, let them watch TV.<>When they are in bed, read them a story.<>If it gets cold, make them wear coats.<>If they miss the school bus, send them by taxi.<>When you go out, double-lock the door.<>If the cat is still out when you go to bed, leave a window open.<>If you haven't time to cook, open tins.<>When you've used up the tins on the shelf, buy some more.<>If you run out of oil, order another supply.<>If it gets colder, turn on the central heating.<>If the central heating doesn't work properly, phone the company.<>If the dogs won't eat tinned food, buy them fresh meat.<>If the dogs bark at night, go down and see what it is.<>If the tank leaks, send for the plumber.<>If any letters come for me, please forward them.<>If the gardener turns up, ask him to cut the grass.<>When the milkman brings his bill, please pay it.
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Новые книги авторов СИ, вышедшие из печати:
О.Болдырева "Крадуш. Чужие души" М.Николаев "Вторжение на Землю"

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