Аннотация: Статья на английском языке фермера с большим стажем Элис Ториано (Республика Филиппины)
PECULIARITIES OF PIG LEAD IN THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF PHILIPPINES
Alice Toriano
farmer
Republic of the Philippines
Abstract: in the article are considered some actual problems that arise in pig farming in a tropical climate. The author suggests ways to solve these problems.
Key words: farm, pig farming, climate.
The Philippines is a fairly long chain of islands (total of 7,107), stretching for three thousand kilometers from north to south. However, the climate of our large country can be reduced to one common denominator - it is hot and humid throughout the year, with a division into the dry season and the rainy season, which, however, is clearly visible only in the north of the archipelago. The best most comfortable time for living in the Philippines - from December to February. This is a dry season for most islands of the archipelago: north of Luzon (Baguio, Manila), Bisai islands and the island of Palawan. At this time, too, the heat decreases somewhat. However, this same season is characterized by heavy rains on the eastern coast of Luzon, on the islands of Samar and Mindanao. The period from March to May is relatively dry in the Philippines, but at the same time very hot, and this circumstance has a strong enough influence on the farming sector such as pig production. By the way, at this time even the inhabitants of Manila, accustomed to the tropical heat, in search of fresh air and coolness go on vacation to mountain resorts, among which stands Baguio. In any case, tourists and businessmen from other latitudes it is desirable to exclude their stay in the Philippines from June to October - and not because of heavy rains, but because of typhoons. They usually fall on the eastern shore of the island of Luzon from mid-August to mid-September. To the south of the island of Samar, however, typhoons are rare. Rains as a whole are much less abundant on the southern islands than on the northern islands (about three times). The rainy season in the Philippines is less rich for holidays, which are famous for the local population. Sometimes rains may be late, and the season instead of May begins in mid-July. [1, P.48]
Our observations on the farm for ten years showed that the greatest mortality of sows and pigs at birth is mainly for the typhoon period - that is, from June to October. Pigs, like humans, are very sensitive to climate change, moon phases, tides. This circumstance, of course, must be taken into account by any serious farmer in the Philippines, in order not to lose his business completely. Particular importance in the swine breeding of the Philippines, while, has the right selection of feeds in order to support the body of pigs in difficult climatic periods. Immediately note that the development of the feed production sector in the country is greatly influenced by the growing population and, as a consequence, the growing sector of livestock. In general, the industry is widely developed in the production of chicken and pork meat. According to Market Publishers, the number of livestock in the country in 2015 was over 17,350 thousand heads (more than 11,800 heads - pigs, 2,500 - cattle, 2,850 - bulls, 170 - chickens, 30 - sheep). Pig breeding is the second largest agro-food industry in the country, behind only the banana industry. Tens of thousands of small and medium-sized pig farms operate in the country, accounting for about 75% of the market. The remaining 25% belong to large commercial organizations, of which there are about 200-300 in the Philippines. The largest pig farms in the Philippines are Foremost Farms, Monterey Farms (San Miguel Corporation), Robina Agri-Partners (Universal Robina).
Poultry farming in the country is concentrated mainly on the breeding of chickens and the production of chicken meat. Ducks, geese and turkeys, traditionally, are not very popular birds in the Republic of the Philippines. The poultry sector is represented mainly by two segments: commercial integrated organizations and small farms. Commercial integrated organizations supply more than 80% of chicken meat and eggs in the country and have 40% of the country's total chicken stock (besides, broiler chickens account for 66% and laying hens constitute 34%). Small farms (known as households) are scattered throughout the country and serve mainly local markets. The main production of poultry meat is concentrated in the hands of large organizations run by companies such as General Milling Corporation, San Miguel Pure Foods, Swift Foods, Tyson Agro-Ventures, Universal Robina (Robina Agri-Partners) and Vitarich. The aquaculture sector in the country is small compared to other countries in Southeast Asia. Moreover, over the past few years, the efficiency of the industry has decreased several times, especially in the production of shrimp. Problems in the development of the industry are largely due to difficult climatic conditions. Nevertheless, having a good resource and technical base, the country positions itself as the leader of the Asian region in terms of the level and quality of services provided in the field of breeding and growing aquaculture facilities. 90% of production in the country is provided through the creation of artificial salt water systems. An insignificant part of the production is accounted for by fishing with special nets. Fresh water bodies give only 1% of fish production in the country. Moreover, more than 90% of the output falls on dairy fish (or chanos), 20% - tilapia, 7% - shrimp, 3% - carp, 2% - oysters.
Fluctuations in demand for animal feed in the Philippines are due to the following factors: periodic epidemics affecting cattle; the cost of key components of feed (especially demand is sensitive to prices for soybean meal, soybean oil and coconut oil); adverse climatic conditions (droughts, typhoons and tropical storms in the second half of the year). In addition, the climatic phenomenon of El Niño continues to have a negative impact on the stability and volume of the crop in the country. So, in 2016 a 3% fall in grain yield was caused by dry climatic conditions and typhoons of Sarik and Khaim. Nevertheless, the government of the country makes optimistic forecasts for the production of cereals for 2017-2022, expecting a 2-3% increase in yield annually. In the structure of demand, food for birds is 55%, for pigs - 33%, for fish, etc. - 12%. Currently, in the Philippines, there are over 700 enterprises engaged in the production of animal feed. This industry in the country is relatively fragmented: 10 companies control 60% of the production capacity of the industry in the country. According to the Association of Philippines Feed Millers, the volume of animal feed sales per year is $ 2.1 billion. 74% of the economic activity for the production of feed is concentrated on the island of Luzon, the largest island in the Philippine archipelago, 14% on the island of Mindanao and 12% on the Visayas. 56% of the feed in the country is produced by commercial organizations and integrated producers, the rest of the production falls on small farms. The largest companies in the country in the production and trade of animal feed are Agrichexers Corp, Agro Filipino Incorporated, Producer Feed Mill Inc., San Miguel Pure Foods Company, Inc., Cargill Philippines, Inc., Swift Foods Inc., General Milling Corporation, Universal Robina Corporation, Sunjin Philippines Corporation, Univet Nutrition and Animal Healthcare Company, Limcoma Multipurpose Cooperatives, Supra Feeds Enterprises, Inc., Popular Feedmill Corporation, Cheil Jedang Philippines. A number of companies are engaged in the development and implementation of innovations and new technologies in the production of high-quality feed to meet the needs of the livestock structure.
Solving the problem of feed in our family pig farm, we found the perfect combination of mixed fodders for pigs, including corn, rice and bananas. At the same time, we have not completely abandoned the industrial forage offered by state corporations and private agricultural enterprises. Note that corn in general is the most important ingredient in the production of any feed in the Philippines. According to the report of the Philippine Committee of Statistics for January 2017, corn production in 2016 is estimated at 7.26 million tons, which is 3.5% less than in 2015. Arable land declined by 80,000 hectares, while corn yield fell from 2.94 t / ha in 2015 to 2.92 t / ha in 2016. The main maize production was in the Valley of Cagayan, North and Central Mindanao. Prices for corn in the country continued to fall in 2016 due to a significant increase in wheat imports. The average selling price for yellow and white corn decreased by 1.75%. Nevertheless, the average wholesale price for corn was 15-20% higher than the price of fodder wheat.
In 2017, the production of corn is expected to increase, including through the achievements of genetic engineering. The country is the region's leader in development and innovation in the field of genetic engineering. In 2015, a quarter of the acreage in the country was sown with seeds of genetically modified maize. In addition, the constant demand for corn, the growing population, the expanding livestock sector and the import quota for rice, stimulate maize producers to increase production volumes. Corn is the most popular forage crop among animal feed producers in the Philippines. However, the quality of maize grown in the country does not always suit local feed producers (Aflatoxins cause fear). As a result, more and more enterprises prefer to use imported corn. The situation on the market of this culture in the country is greatly influenced by both producers and local trading companies. For example, in order to avoid a rise in corn prices, feed producers, pig farms and poultry farms, as well as large trading companies, regularly import fodder wheat as a substitute for yellow corn. Moreover, in order to guarantee the continuous supply of corn at an affordable price, large feed producers enter into trade agreements with local producers to obtain guaranteed prices and technical assistance. Like wheat, cassava is also being actively used as a substitute for corn, the production of which is gradually increasing in the country. In connection with growing consumption and demand for corn, significant investments are directed to the development and improvement of the distribution system infrastructure, including transportation and projects to promote the development of ties between the regions of the country. The government intends to increase the cost of building the corresponding infrastructure to 5.4% of GDP by 2022. It is expected that investments from Chinese partners, resulting from the strengthening of economic ties between countries, will also be directed to the development and expansion of infrastructure.
In maize trade, a two-level tariff structure is applied, that is, a duty of 35% is applied to rice imported within the quota, and 50% is outside the quota. In 2017, the volume of corn imported within the quota is set at 217,000 tons. At the same time, in trade with countries within ASEAN, a fee of 5% is applied. Import of corn in the country increased in 2016 by more than 35%, and the bulk of purchases fell on Thailand (77%). Local producers occasionally filed a petition to permit the export of corn, but the country is allowed to export local corn only in the case of surplus production.
The production of rice in the Philippines in 2016 fell by 3% compared to 2015 and amounted to 17.63 million tonnes, which led to a slight increase in the price of rice in 2016. The size of arable land fell by 2% to 4.56 million hectares. At the same time, the yield of rice fell from 3.90 t / ha in 2015 to 3.87 t / ha in 2016, which was again due to dry weather conditions. 77% of the rice harvest was obtained from irrigated farms, which occupy 67% of all arable land for rice cultivation in the country. In addition, 40% of the rice harvest in the Philippines is received in the IV quarter. In 2016, the main regions for rice cultivation were Central Luzon, Cagayan Valley, Ilocos region, Western Visayas, Central Mindanao.
In order to reduce rice imports, the government planned to introduce a two-year rice self-sufficiency program that would include a plan to sow 1 million hectares of irrigated land with hybrid rice. Also, to support local producers, the government of the country applies quantitative restrictions on imports. Thus, in June 2017, the import quota for rice should expire, but in April this year the government of the Philippines extended the import quota for another three years. This has limited the supply of cheaper and more competitive rice from Thailand and Vietnam. At the same time, the Philippines is one of the largest rice importers in the world, annually purchasing more than 1 million tons.
In accordance with the current quota, the maximum amount of rice allowed for purchase by trade companies is 805,200 tons for a period of up to 2020. At the same time, the import duty remains at 35%. The government's use of such measures to limit rice imports facilitated the growth of smuggling and illegal importation of rice. Economic sabotage is the illegal importation of rice into a country valued at $ 200,000 or more. According to the decree adopted in 2016, the punishment for violation of the law is life imprisonment and a fine of double the cost of illegally imported goods, taking into account all customs payments due. Duties coming to the budget are directed to financing support programs for local farmers to reduce and optimize production costs.
The food scheme developed by us for our pig farm is as follows: for the first two months we give pigs the industrial compound feed "Vita rich", rich in vitamins necessary for growing piglets' organisms. Two months later, in the diet of piglets, we begin to include a nutritious mixture consisting of sweet potatoes, corn, rice and ripe banana. Practice shows that the combination of these ingredients is ideal for the growth of young pigs in the tropical conditions of the oceanic island.
Bibliography:
1. Voronin, S.E. Secrets of the universe in modern science and religion / S.E. Voronin.-Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of the Siberian Institute of Business, Management and Psychology, 2017.-175 p.